scholarly journals Accuracy of Urine Color to Detect Equal to or Greater Than 2% Body Mass Loss in Men

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1306-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. McKenzie ◽  
Colleen X. Muñoz ◽  
Lawrence E. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Negative Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Urine Color

Context  Clinicians and athletes can benefit from field-expedient measurement tools, such as urine color, to assess hydration state; however, the diagnostic efficacy of this tool has not been established. Objective  To determine the diagnostic accuracy of urine color assessment to distinguish a hypohydrated state (≥2% body mass loss [BML]) from a euhydrated state (<2% BML) after exercise in a hot environment. Design  Controlled laboratory study. Setting  Environmental chamber in a laboratory. Patients or Other Participants  Twenty-two healthy men (age = 22 ± 3 years, height = 180.4 ± 8.7 cm, mass = 77.9 ± 12.8 kg, body fat = 10.6% ± 4.6%). Intervention(s)  Participants cycled at 68% ± 6% of their maximal heart rates in a hot environment (36°C ± 1°C) for 5 hours or until 5% BML was achieved. At the point of each 1% BML, we assessed urine color. Main Outcome Measure(s)  Diagnostic efficacy of urine color was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios. Results  Urine color was useful as a diagnostic tool to identify hypohydration after exercise in the heat (area under the curve = 0.951, standard error = 0.022; P < .001). A urine color of 5 or greater identified BML ≥2% with 88.9% sensitivity and 84.8% specificity (positive likelihood ratio = 5.87, negative likelihood ratio = 0.13). Conclusions  Under the conditions of acute dehydration due to exercise in a hot environment, urine color assessment can be a valid, practical, inexpensive tool for assessing hydration status. Researchers should examine the utility of urine color to identify a hypohydrated state under different BML conditions.

Relationships Between WUT (Body Weight, Urine Color, and Thirst Level) Criteria and Urine Indices of Hydration Status

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812110384
Author(s):  
Yasuki Sekiguchi ◽  
Courteney L. Benjamin ◽  
Cody R. Butler ◽  
Margaret C. Morrissey ◽  
Erica M. Filep ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Urine Color

Background: A Venn diagram consisting of percentage body mass loss, urine color, and thirst perception (weight, urine, thirst [WUT]) has been suggested as a practical method to assess hydration status. However, no study to date has examined relationships between WUT and urine hydration indices. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between urine specific gravity, urine osmolality, and the WUT criteria. Hypothesis: Urine specific gravity and urine osmolality indicate hypohydration when the WUT criteria demonstrate hypohydration (≥2 markers). Study Design: Laboratory cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 22 women (mean ± SD; age, 20 ± 1 years; mass, 65.4 ± 12.6 kg) and 21 men (age, 21 ± 1 years; body mass, 78.7 ± 14.6 kg) participated in this study. First morning body mass, urine color, urine specific gravity, urine osmolality, and thirst level were collected for 10 consecutive days in a free-living situation. Body mass loss >1%, urine color >5, and thirst level ≥5 were used as the dehydration thresholds. The number of markers that indicated dehydration levels were counted and categorized into either 3, 2, 1, or 0 WUT markers that indicated dehydration. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey pairwise comparisons was used to assess the differences in urine specific gravity and urine osmolality between the different number of WUT markers. Results: Urine specific gravity in 3 WUT markers (mean ± SD [effect size], 1.021 ± 0.007 [0.57]; P = 0.025) and 2 WUT markers (1.019 ± 0.010 [0.31]; P = 0.026) was significantly higher than 1 WUT marker (1.016 ± 0.009). Urine mosmolality in 2 WUT markers (705 ± 253 mOsmol [0.43]; P = 0.018) was significantly higher than 1 WUT (597 ± 253 mOsmol). Meeting at least 2 WUT markers resulted in sensitivities of 0.652 (2 WUT criteria met) and 0.933 (3 WUT criteria met) to detect urine osmolality >700 mOsmol. Conclusion: These results suggest that when 3 WUT markers are met, urine specific gravity and urine osmolality were greater than euhydration cutoff points. The WUT criterion is a useful tool to use in field settings to assess hydration status when first morning urine sample was used. Clinical Relevance: Athletes, coaches, sports scientists, and medical professionals can use WUT criteria to monitor dehydration with reduced cost and time.

scholarly journals Identification of Circulating MicroRNAs as a Promising Diagnostic Biomarker for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Early Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Jiang ◽  
Zuohong Hu ◽  
Zhihua Zuo ◽  
Yiqin Li ◽  
Fei Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Precancerous Lesion ◽  
Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Negative Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarker ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background. Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common female malignant tumors. And cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is the precancerous lesion of CC, which can progress to invasive CC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to be potential diagnostic biomarkers for CIN or CC. However, recently, the lack of sufficient studies about the diagnostic value of miRNAs for CIN made it challenging to separately investigate the diagnostic efficacy of miRNAs for CIN. Likewise, the conclusions among those studies were discordant. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis, aimed at evaluating the diagnostic efficacy of miRNAs for CIN and CC patients. Methods. Literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and other diagnostic parameters were calculated through Stata 14.0 software. Furthermore, subgroup analyses and metaregression analysis were conducted to explore the main sources of heterogeneity. Results. Ten articles covering 50 studies were eligible, which included 5,908 patients and 4,819 healthy individuals. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the curve (AUC) were 0.81 (95% CI, 0.77-0.85), 0.86 (95% CI, 0.83-0.89), 5.9 (95% CI, 4.5-7.7), 0.22 (95% CI, 0.17-0.28), 27 (95% CI, 17-44), and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.88-0.93), respectively. Additionally, the ethnicity and internal reference were the main sources of heterogeneity. Conclusions. Circulating miRNAs can be a promising noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for CIN and early CC, especially miR-9 and miR-205, which need to be verified by large-scale studies.

Sweat rate, salt loss, and fluid intake during an intense on-ice practice in elite Canadian male junior hockey players

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Palmer ◽  
Lawrence L. Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Sodium Loss

Previous research in many sports suggests that losing ~1%–2% body mass through sweating impairs athletic performance. Elite-level hockey involves high-intensity bursts of skating, arena temperatures are >10 °C, and players wear protective equipment, all of which promote sweating. This study examined the pre-practice hydration, on-ice fluid intake, and sweat and sodium losses of 44 candidates for Canada’s junior men’s hockey team (mean ± SE age, 18.4 ± 0.1 y; height, 184.8 ± 0.9 cm; mass, 89.9 ± 1.1 kg). Players were studied in groups of 10–12 during 4 intense 1 h practices (13.9 °C, 66% relative humidity) on 1 day. Hydration status was estimated by measuring urine specific gravity (USG). Sweat rate was calculated from body mass changes and fluid intake. Sweat sodium concentration ([Na]) was analyzed in forehead sweat patch samples and used with sweat rate to estimate sodium loss. Over 50% of players began practice mildly hypohydrated (USG > 1.020). Sweat rate during practice was 1.8 ± 0.1 L·h–1 and players replaced 58% (1.0 ± 0.1 L·h–1) of the sweat lost. Body mass loss averaged 0.8% ± 0.1%, but 1/3 of players lost more than 1%. Sweat [Na] was 54.2 ± 2.4 mmol·L–1 and sodium loss averaged 2.26 ± 0.17 g during practice. Players drank only water during practice and replaced no sodium. In summary, elite junior hockey players incurred large sweat and sodium losses during an intense practice, but 2/3 of players drank enough to minimize body mass loss. However, 1/3 of players lost more than 1% body mass despite ready access to fluid and numerous drinking opportunities from the coaches.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF for the Diagnosis of Lymphatic Tuberculosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hou-He Li ◽  
Zhi-Jian He ◽  
Jia-Qi Liang ◽  
Gui-Lin Li ◽  
Tian-Ao Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Negative Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Diagnostic Odds Ratio ◽  
World Health ◽  
Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy

Background. The World Health Organization approved the use of Xpert MTB/RIF for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA, which has significantly improved the diagnosis of tuberculosis. In this study, our main objective was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of Xpert MTB/RIF for lymphoid tuberculosis to determine whether Xpert MTB/RIF could be used as a routine detection method. Materials and Methods. We searched four databases for the relevant literature published from May 2007 to December 2019. The quality of the literature was evaluated with reference to the evaluation criteria. Data that were extracted from the literature on Xpert MTB/RIF diagnosis of lymphatic tuberculosis were used to plot the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve, after which the software was used to combine and analyze the accuracy of these data. Results. A total of 27 studies were included. The sensitivity of Xpert MTB/RIF for detecting lymphatic tuberculosis was 0.79 (95% CI (0.77, 0.81)), the specificity was 0.88 (95% CI (0.87, 0.90)), and the positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 7.21 (95% CI (4.93, 10.55)). In addition, the negative likelihood ratio (NLR) was 0.25 (95% CI (0.19, 0.32)) and the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 40.23 (95% CI (24.53, 65.98)). At the same time, we used the extracted data to make the SROC curve, obtaining the following parameters: area under the curve AUC=0.9144, Q=0.8470 (SE=0.0163). Conclusion. Xpert MTB/RIF has high accuracy in detecting lymphatic tuberculosis, and it can be used to quickly and easily diagnose lymphatic tuberculosis at an early stage as a general method.

scholarly journals Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasound with MRI in the diagnosis of complex cystic renal masses: a meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1254-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linli Zhou ◽  
Lemin Tang ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
Wei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Negative Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Renal Masses ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background The differential diagnosis of cystic renal masses still faces great challenges. There has been no systematically assessment to compare the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of cystic renal masses. Purpose To perform a meta-analysis to compare the diagnostic efficacy of CEUS with that of MRI for cystic renal masses. Material and Methods A systematic search was performed for literature evaluating the diagnostic performance of CEUS or MRI in cystic renal masses. Quality assessment of diagnostic studies 2 (QUADAS-2) was used to evaluate the quality of each study included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and the areas under the summary receiver operating characteristic (AUCs-SROC) curve for CEUS and MRI were calculated, respectively. Results Seventeen studies with 1142 lesions were included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio for CEUS /MRI were 0.95/0.92, 0.84/0.91, 5.62/6.74, and 0.09/0.13, respectively. The AUCs-SROC curves for the two methods were 95.66% and 94.65%. The subgroup analysis indicated that the scanning slice thickness may influence the diagnostic efficacy of MRI. Conclusion Both CEUS and MRI have good diagnostic performance for cystic renal masses and can provide the reference for clinicians. CEUS is more sensitive but less specific than MRI.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Urine Color to Detect ≥2% Body Mass Loss

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 655-656
Author(s):  
Amy L. McKenzie ◽  
Colleen X. Muñoz ◽  
Lawrence E. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Urine Color

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Diagnostic Efficacy of Xpert CT/NG for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Tian-Ao Xie ◽  
Ye-Ling Liu ◽  
Rui-Chun Meng ◽  
Xiao-Shan Liu ◽  
Ke-Ying Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Negative Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy

Background. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) are widely spread across the world. Asymptomatic or inconspicuous CT/NG infections are difficult to diagnose and treat. Traditional methods have the disadvantages of low detection rate, inaccurate results, and long detection time. However, Xpert CT/NG makes up for the aforementioned shortcomings and has research value and popularization significance. Methods. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were systematically searched, and studies were screened using Xpert CT/NG for diagnosing CT/NG. QUADAS-2 was used to evaluate the quality of the eligible studies. Then, two groups of researchers independently extracted data from these studies. Meta-analyses of sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and the area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve were conducted using Meta-DiSc 1.4. Finally, Deek’s funnel plots were made using Stata 12.0 to evaluate publication bias. Results. 14 studies were identified, and 46 fourfold tables were extracted in this meta-analysis. The pooled SEN, SPE, PLR, NLR, DOR, and AUC in diagnosing CT were 0.94 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93–0.95), 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99–1.00), 97.17 (95% CI: 56.76–166.32), 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04–0.12), 1857.25 (95% CI: 943.78–3654.86), and 0.9960, respectively. The pooled SEN, SPE, PLR, NLR, DOR, and AUC in diagnosing NG were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93–0.96), 1.00 (95% CI: 1.00–1.00), 278.15 (95% CI: 152.41–507.63), 0.08 (95% CI: 0.06–0.12), 4290.70 (95% CI: 2161.78–8516.16), and 0.9980, respectively. Conclusions. Xpert CT/NG had high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for CT and NG. However, more evidence is required to confirm that Xpert CT/NG might serve as the primary method for detecting CT and NG and even the gold standard for diagnosis in the future.

scholarly journals Effect of caffeine ingestion on fluid balance during exercise in the heat and during recovery

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Yang Zhang ◽  
S J Carter ◽  
R E Schumacker ◽  
Y H Neggers ◽  
M D Curtner-Smith, ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Background. The effect of ingestion of a common stimulant, caffeine, on fluid balance during exercise and recovery is not fully known. Objectives. To determine the effect of caffeine on fluid balance during exercise in the heat and during a 3-hour recovery period thereafter. Methods. In a randomised, controlled design, caffeine-naive participants (N=8) pedalled on a bike to achieve 2.5% baseline body mass loss in a hot environment in four separate conditions: with (C+) or without (C–) caffeine ingestion (6 mg/kg of body mass) prior to exercise, followed by (W+) or without (W–) 100% fluid replenishment (water) of the body mass loss during a 3-hour recovery period (yielding C+W+, C+W–, C–W+ and C–W–, respectively). Results. Mean (standard deviation) urine production was not different (p>0.05) regardless of rehydration status: 230 (162) mL (C+W–) v. 168 (77) mL (C–W–); and 713 (201) mL (C+W+) v. 634 (185) mL (C–W+). For the 3-hour recovery, caffeine ingestion caused higher hypohydration during rehydration conditions (p=0.02), but practically the mean difference in the loss of body mass was only 0.2 kg. Conclusion. In practical terms, there was no evidence that caffeine ingestion in moderation would impair fluid balance during prolonged exercise in the heat or during 3 hours of recovery.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-ya Liu ◽  
Yin Liao ◽  
Hossein Hosseinifard ◽  
Saber Imani ◽  
Qing-lian Wen
Keyword(s):  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Negative Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy

Background: Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are regarded to have significant function in most steps during cancer progression. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the accuracy of EVs as a biomarker in cancer diagnosis.Methods: The diagnostic efficacy of EVs for different cancers was assessed using pooled sensitivity and specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and overall area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC). The positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were verified to estimate the diagnostic efficacy of EV at a clinical level.Results: In all, 6,183 cancer patients and 2,437 healthy controls from 75 eligible studies reported in 42 publications were included in the study. The overall pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, and DOR were 0.62 (95% CI: 0.60–0.63), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.75–0.78), 3.07 (95% CI: 2.52–3.75), 0.34 (95% CI: 0.28–0.41), and 10.98 (95% CI: 7.53–16.00), respectively. Similarly, the AUC of the SROC was 0.88, indicating a high conservation of EVs as an early diagnostic marker. Furthermore, subgroup analysis suggested that the use of small EVs as a biomarker was more accurate in serum-based samples of nervous system cancer (p < 0.001). As a result, ultracentrifugation and quantification and size determination methods, such as Western blotting and ELISA were the most reliable identification methods for EV detection. We also indicated that increased secretion of EVs made them a capable biomarker for diagnosing cancer in elderly European individuals.Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that EVs are a promising non-invasive biomarker for cancer diagnosis. Well-designed cohort studies should be conducted to warrant the clinical diagnostic value of EVs.

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