scholarly journals The challenge of low employment economic growth in South Africa: 1994 -2008

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darma Mahadea ◽  
Richard Simson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Critical Problem ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Economic Growth Rates

The formal sector in South Africa is unable to provide adequate employment for labour although the economy registered positive economic growth rates over the past 15 years since the demise of apartheid.  This is a critical problem, given the current recessionary climate and recent developments in the economies of our trading partners.  While government has responded with many initiatives to deal with employment creation, unemployment rates remain high.  This problem is examined by reviewing South Africa’s growth performance and links to employment and posits various alternative strategies.  The growth elasticity of employment is found to be rather low over the 1994-2008 period, and even over a longer time horizon the marginal growth employment effect is found to be rather weak.   

PROSPECTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO THE CHALLENGE OF JOB CREATION IN SOUTH AFRICA

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (04) ◽  
pp. 1250020 ◽  
Author(s):  
DARMA MAHADEA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Employment Creation ◽  
Formidable Challenge ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Growth Rates

Entrepreneurship is critical to job creation and economic growth. Unemployment in South Africa is presently at about 25 percent. The formal sector is unable to provide adequate employment opportunities for labor although the country registered positive economic growth rates over the past 17 years since the demise of apartheid. Some people manage to obtain employment in the informal sector. However, this sector also has been shedding labor recently. Although the government has responded with many initiatives to deal with employment creation, unemployment rates, especially among the youth, remain a formidable challenge. Entrepreneurship, through the creation of new ventures and expansion of business firms, can make a difference to absorb more people in the labor market. However, this depends on the level of entrepreneurial capacity and environment of the South African economy. This paper examines the problem of low employment economic growth performance over the post-apartheid period. By drawing on the Harrod-Domar model as a heuristic guide, and using regression analysis, the paper highlights the probable links between changes in economic growth and in employment. The results indicate the marginal employment growth effect is positive, the growth elasticity of employment is low over the 1994–2010 period and investment in relation to the country's desired growth in GDP is also found to be low. The paper identifies some constraints to employment creation against the entrepreneurial environmental conditions in South Africa and then examines how entrepreneurship can make a difference to employment creation.

Reflections on Prosecutorial Independence and Impartiality in South Africa: The Recent Jurisprudence of the Courts

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ntombizozuko Dyani-Mhango
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Judicial Independence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
Effective Administration ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Law ◽  
Constitutional Jurisprudence

Prosecutorial independence and prosecutorial impartiality are important for the effective administration of criminal justice in South Africa. These two concepts are interconnected and yet they are distinct, and distinguishable from judicial independence and judicial impartiality. In the past decade or so, controversy has surrounded and allegations have been made of political interference with prosecutorial independence and impartiality in South Africa. This article reflects on recent developments in the exercise of prosecutorial independence and impartiality in South Africa. The interest was sparked by recent constitutional jurisprudence in developing the law on prosecutorial independence and impartiality. In its analysis of the courts’ jurisprudence on prosecutorial independence, the article further demonstrates that this jurisprudence has had an influence in determining the independence of other institutions responsible for the administration of criminal justice.

scholarly journals La politique étrangère japonaise sous Nakasone : Le dilemme d’une superpuissance économique

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290
Author(s):  
Robert E. Bedeski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
The Past ◽  
Military Threat ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The One ◽  
Soviet Threat

After decades of intensive economic growth Japan is under pressure to translate its material success into international influence. This new role appears to be taking shape under Prime Minister Nakasone. The country faces rising protectionism sentiments from its major trading partners, and a growing military threat from the USSR. Nakasone has maintained a solid working relation with President Reagan, while adopting a hawkish stance towards the USSR. Nevertheless, Japan still remains under the US nuclear umbrella. Nakasone has pursued closer relations with South Korea. His first foreign visit as prime minister was to Seoul. The Chinese have been concerned about symptoms of remilitarization on the one hand, but also recognize that a greated Japanese security presence will help to diffuse the Soviet threat in the region, thus relieving pressure on Beijing. The first six months of Nakasone's administration thus indicated that Japan may be embarking on a diplomatic and defence course which has a higher profile than in the past.

Migration, trade, and development: Comparing Mexico-US and Turkey-Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Young People ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Roller Coaster ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The Us ◽  
Past Half

Migration was the major relationship between Mexico and the US and Turkey and Western Europe for most of the past half century. Changes in both migrant-sending and –receiving countries aimed to substitute trade for migration. Mexico and Turkey have had roller-coaster economic growth trajectories, sometimes growing faster than other OECD countries and sometimes shrinking faster. There have been significant changes in Mexico and Turkey but, until more formal-sector jobs are created, especially young people leaving agriculture or joining the labour market may be candidates for migration.

scholarly journals Informal Labour Markets As A Solution For Unemployment In South Africa – A Case Study Of Car Guards In Bloemfontein

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Blaauw ◽  
L. J. Bothma
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Informal Labour ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Formal And Informal Sectors ◽  
Harsh Conditions

The car guard industry in South Africa evolved out of the plight of the unemployed. Very little research has been done on the industry in South Africa. The first objective of this article is to address the lack of research and the second is to determine whether the car guard industry can provide a solution to the problem of unemployment. Car guards involved in this study were found to be generally low skilled, earning low income and working under harsh conditions for long hours. The majority of them held formal sector employment before becoming unemployed. Car guarding is not a solution to the plight of the unemployed. Training and skill development supplemented by accelerated economic growth are vital to bridge the gap between the formal and informal sectors. OpsommingDie motorwag-industrie in Suid Afrika het onstaan uit die lot van die massa werkloses in die land. Weinig navorsing is al oor die industrie gedoen. Die doelwit van die artikel is eerstens om die gebrek aan navorsing aan te vul en tweedens om te bepaal of die motorwagindustrie ’n oplossing vir die probleem van werkloosheid kan bied. Motorwagte in die studie is oor die algemeen laag geskoold, swak besoldig en werksaam vir lang ure onder moeilike omstandighede. Die meeste het ’n werk in die formele sektor van die ekonomie gehad voordat hulle werkloos geword het. Om ’n motorwag te wees kan nooit ’n oplossing vir werkloosheid wees nie. Opleiding en die ontwikkeling van noodsaaklike vaardighede teen ’n agtergrond van versnelde ekonomiese groei, is uiters noodsaaklik om die gaping tussen die informele en formele sektor te oorbrug.

Collective Bargaining as an Internal Sanction: the Rôle of U.S. Corporations in South Africa

1981 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Coker
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Black Workers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conditions Of Employment

Foreign investment in South Africa during the past 20 years has been subject to criticism form several diverse schools of thought, ranging from those who believe it has contributed to country's economic growth without improving the condition of the black workers, to those who maintain that – at best – apartheid has been modernised rather than fundamentally changed.Today the focus of attention has shifted to collective bargaining and trade union rights, to the action that can be taken on their own behalf by the ecomomically underprivileged and the politically dispossessed, and to the assistance which foreign-owned companies have been given in improving the terms and conditions of employment of their own non-white employees by the codes of conduct that have quite recently been adopted by their own governments.

scholarly journals Literacy and Educational Attainment Levels in Pakistan: 1951-1973

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naushin Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Educational Development ◽  
Technical Training ◽  
Subsequent Paper ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Economic Growth Rates

The role of education as a necessary means of meeting the shortages of trained personnel and manpower requirements as well as a factor in increasing productivity and economic growth rates, is of fundamental importance to the developing countries [14, p. 13], and has greatly reinforced the need for educational planning as an integral part of development plans [17, p. 612]. Education is recognized as a factor of prime importance in the Fifth Five-Year Development Plan of Pakistan. While high priority has been assigned to primary education and vocational and technical training, qualitative im¬provement has also been emphasized for the secondary and higher levels of education [8, p. 147]. Although proportion of literates has increased sub¬stantially during the past thirty years; Pakistan like other developing countries, still has predominantly illiterate population. In the present study an attempt has been made to assess the literacy status of the country quantitatively. The qualitative aspects which are equally important for educational development, shall be studied in a subsequent paper. With the aim to review the educational progress on the basis of the number of literate and illiterate persons, levels of education attained and the extent of participation of children in schools, the broad objectives of this study are as follows:

scholarly journals Does Economic Growth Lead Employment in South Africa?

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 336-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Temitope L. A.
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Quarterly Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Democratic Election ◽  
The Government ◽  
Keynes General Theory

This paper adopts the Toda-Yamamoto technique of causality in order to examine the direction of causality between employment and economic growth. This is to investigate whether the increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) translates into increased employment or not and vice versa, in South Africa, using quarterly data from 2000Q1 to 2012Q3. South Africa has been experiencing high and increased growth for the past decade, yet the rate of employment is not significantly high. Meanwhile, the objective of the government, since the first democratic election in 1994, was to increase economic growth along with a reduction in the unemployment rate (BMR, 2011). Although the economy has been experiencing significant success of increased economic growth, it performed poorly in the area of increased employment (BMR, 2011). This study thus seeks to answer the following questions: (1) does it mean that the increase in growth does not translate to the creation of more jobs and (2) is increased economic growth not as a result of increase in employment in South Africa? The results obtained shows that causality does not run from employment to economic growth in South Africa, as the null hypothesis was not rejected at all significant levels. However, Keynes General Theory holds for South Africa, where the empirical result showed that economic growth leads employment. These results support the criticism of ‘jobless growth’ against South Africa (Kumo, 2012). The paper suggests some policy recommendations for the improvement of employment.

scholarly journals Estimating the tourism potential in Namibia

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Hinaunye Eita ◽  
Andre C. Jordaan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Rate Improvement ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
Tourism Potential

This paper investigates the determinants of tourism in Namibia for the period 1996 to 2012. The results indicate that an increase in trading partners’ income, depreciation of the exchange rate, improvement in Namibia’s infrastructure, sharing a border with Namibia are associated with an increase in tourist arrivals. Governance indicators such as rule of law, political stability and no violence are also associated with an increase in tourist arrivals to Namibia. The results show that there is unexploited tourism potential from Angola, Austria, Botswana, Germany and South Africa. This suggests that it is important to exploit the tourism potential as this would help to accelerate economic growth and generate the much needed employment

Göç, Ticaret ve Kalkınma: Meksika-ABD ve Türkiye-Avrupa Karşılaştırması Migration, trade, and development: Comparing Mexico-US and Turkey-Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-414
Author(s):  
Philip L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Young People ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Roller Coaster ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The Us ◽  
Past Half

Migration was the major relationship between Mexico and the US and Turkey and Western Europe for most of the past half century. Changes in both migrant-sending and –receiving countries aimed to substitute trade for migration. Mexico and Turkey have had roller-coaster economic growth trajectories, sometimes growing faster than other OECD countries and sometimes shrinking faster. There have been significant changes in Mexico and Turkey but, until more formal-sector jobs are created, especially young people leaving agriculture or joining the labour market may be candidates for migration.[IN TURKISH]Geçen yarım yüzyılda, göç Meksika- ABD, Türkiye ve Batı Avrupa arasındaki temel ilişki olagelmiştir. Göç-alan ve –veren ülkelerdeki değişimler göç yerine ticareti geçirme eğilimi taşımıştır. Meksika ve Türkiye inişli çıkışlı ekonomik büyüme görünümü sergilemişler, bazen diğer OECD ülkelerinden bile hızlı büyümüş, bazen ise daha hızlı küçülmüşlerdir. Meksika ve Türkiye’de çok temel değişimler yaşanmaktadır ve ancak daha fazla güvenli istihdam yaratılmadıkça tarımdan kopan genç işgücü ya da işgücüne yeni katılanlar göçün yeni adayları olacaktır. 

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