Development and postnatal neurogenesis in the retina: a comparison between altricial and precocial bird species

Abstract Repeated exposure to traffic noise may be perceived as a succession of stressors, and therefore, noisy urban environments could lead to a state of chronic stress. In developing animals, glucocorticoids can have organizational effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in addition to the classic activation effects, so evaluating the effect of traffic noise during development is urgently needed. To our knowledge, to date six studies have investigated the effects of traffic noise on baseline corticosterone (CORT) and/or the stress response in birds during development; however, these studies were performed in nestling (altricial species), where confounding factors (e.g. communication between nestlings and parents) could mask the real impact of traffic noise on stress. In this study, we evaluated the effect of traffic noise (traffic noise group vs. rural noise group) on baseline levels of CORT and stress responses in chicks of a precocial bird species, the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Because CORT can also decrease glutathione (GSH) levels (antioxidant and neurotransmitter/modulator), secondly by means of path analysis we investigated whether the strength of the association between CORT levels, GSH levels and tonic immobility (TI) varied in relation to treatment. We observed (i) similar baseline levels of CORT in both groups, (ii) a trend toward higher stress response in the traffic noise group (P = 0.08), (iii) similar TI duration in both groups, (iv) higher GSH levels in the traffic noise group and (v) differences in the strength and sign of the associations in relation to the treatment (traffic vs. rural). We conclude that the acoustic environment perceived during development has implications for physiology and behaviour; as more research is done on this topic, the need for sustainable urban planning will become clearer.

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Incubation stage and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener patterns in an altricial and precocial bird species

Environmental Pollution ◽

10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.010 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 195 ◽

pp. 109-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Christine M. Custer ◽

Thomas W. Custer ◽

Stefan Thyen ◽

Peter H. Becker

Keyword(s):

Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽

Bird Species ◽

Incubation Stage ◽

Precocial Bird

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Estimating Survival Probabilities of Unmarked Dependent Young When Detection is Imperfect

The Condor ◽

10.1093/condor/106.4.926 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 106 (4) ◽

pp. 926-931 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Paul M. Lukacs ◽

Victoria J. Dreitz ◽

Fritz L. Knopf ◽

Kenneth P. Burnham

Keyword(s):

Survival Probability ◽

Bird Species ◽

Adult Bird ◽

Imperfect Detection ◽

Survival Probabilities ◽

Modeling Approach ◽

Precocial Bird ◽

Charadrius Montanus ◽

Capture Recapture

Abstract We present a capture–recapture modeling approach to the estimation of survival probability of dependent chicks when only the attending adult bird is marked. The model requires that the bird's nest is found prior to hatching and that the number of eggs that hatch are counted. Subsequent data are sightings of the marked adult and a count of chicks with the adult. The model allows for imperfect detection of chicks, but the number of chicks can never exceed the number of eggs in the nest (i.e., adults cannot adopt chicks). We use data from radio-tagged adult Mountain Plovers (Charadrius montanus) and their unmarked chicks as an example. We present the model in terms of precocial bird species, but the method extends to many other taxa. Estimación de las Probabilidades de Supervivencia de Crías Dependientes no Marcadas cuando la Detección es Imperfecta Resumen. Presentamos un enfoque de captura y recaptura para modelar la estimación de la probabilidad de supervivencia de polluelos dependientes cuando sólo el adulto que atiende a los polluelos esta marcado. El modelo requiere que el nido sea encontrado antes de la eclosión y que se cuenten el número de huevos que eclosionan. Los datos subsecuentes necesarios son los avistamientos del adulto marcado y el conteo de los polluelos que se encuentran con el adulto. El modelo permite la detección imperfecta de los polluelos, pero el número de polluelos nunca puede exceder el número de huevos en el nido (i.e., los adultos no pueden adoptar polluelos). Como ejemplo, utilizamos datos de adultos marcados con radio transmisores de Charadrius montanus y de sus polluelos no marcados. Presentamos el modelo en términos de especies de aves precociales, pero el método también se extiende a muchas otras especies.

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Stability and individual variability of social attachment in imprinting

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86989-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bastien S. Lemaire ◽

Daniele Rucco ◽

Mathilde Josserand ◽

Giorgio Vallortigara ◽

Elisabetta Versace

Keyword(s):

Social Behaviour ◽

Prolonged Exposure ◽

Visual Stimuli ◽

Bird Species ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Social Attachment ◽

Precocial Bird ◽

Filial Imprinting ◽

Past Experiences ◽

Over Time

AbstractFilial imprinting has become a model for understanding memory, learning and social behaviour in neonate animals. This mechanism allows the youngs of precocial bird species to learn the characteristics of conspicuous visual stimuli and display affiliative response to them. Although longer exposures to an object produce stronger preferences for it afterwards, this relation is not linear. Sometimes, chicks even prefer to approach novel rather than familiar objects. To date, little is known about how filial preferences develop across time. This study aimed to investigate filial preferences for familiar and novel imprinting objects over time. After hatching, chicks were individually placed in an arena where stimuli were displayed on two opposite screens. Using an automated setup, the duration of exposure and the type of stimuli were manipulated while the time spent at the imprinting stimulus was monitored across 6 days. We showed that prolonged exposure (3 days vs 1 day) to a stimulus produced robust filial imprinting preferences. Interestingly, with a shorter exposure (1 day), animals re-evaluated their filial preferences in functions of their spontaneous preferences and past experiences. Our study suggests that predispositions influence learning when the imprinting memories are not fully consolidated, driving animal preferences toward more predisposed stimuli.

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Functional evenness of bird communities varies along the elevational gradient in Europe: Conservation implications

10.32942/osf.io/sx9n8 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Federico Morelli ◽

Yanina

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Elevation Gradient ◽

Bird Species ◽

Elevational Gradient ◽

Negative Association ◽

Bird Communities ◽

Breeding Bird ◽

Bird Species Richness ◽

Large Spatial Scale ◽

Functional Evenness

ContextThe negative association between elevation and species richness is a well-recognized pattern in macro-ecology. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate changes in functional evenness of breeding bird communities along an elevation gradient in Europe. MethodsUsing the bird data from the EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds we estimated an index of functional evenness which can be assumed as a measure of the potential resilience of communities.ResultsOur findings confirm the existence of a negative association between elevation and bird species richness in all European eco regions. However, we also explored a novel aspect of this relationship, important for conservation: Our findings provide evidence at large spatial scale of a negative association between the functional evenness (potential community resilience) and elevation, independent of the eco region. We also found that the Natura2000 protected areas covers the territory most in need of protection, those characterized by bird communities with low potential resilience, in hilly and mountainous areas.ConclusionsThese results draw attention to European areas occupied by bird communities characterized by a potential lower capacity to respond to strong ecological changes, and, therefore, potentially more exposed to risks for conservation.

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Experimentally increased costs of parental care are shunted to offspring in species with extended care

10.32942/osf.io/y8wx4 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Gretchen F. Wagner ◽

Emeline Mourocq ◽

Michael Griesser

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Parental Care ◽

Total Duration ◽

Bird Species ◽

Life History Strategy ◽

Experimental Treatment ◽

Cost Of Care ◽

Adult Survival ◽

Supporting Evidence ◽

Trade Offs

Biparental care systems are a valuable model to examine conflict, cooperation, and coordination between unrelated individuals, as the product of the interactions between the parents influences the fitness of both individuals. A common experimental technique for testing coordinated responses to changes in the costs of parental care is to temporarily handicap one parent, inducing a higher cost of providing care. However, dissimilarity in experimental designs of these studies has hindered interspecific comparisons of the patterns of cost distribution between parents and offspring. Here we apply a comparative experimental approach by handicapping a parent at nests of five bird species using the same experimental treatment. In some species, a decrease in care by a handicapped parent was compensated by its partner, while in others the increased costs of care were shunted to the offspring. Parental responses to an increased cost of care primarily depended on the total duration of care that offspring require. However, life history pace (i.e., adult survival and fecundity) did not influence parental decisions when faced with a higher cost of caring. Our study highlights that a greater attention to intergenerational trade-offs is warranted, particularly in species with a large burden of parental care. Moreover, we demonstrate that parental care decisions may be weighed more against physiological workload constraints than against future prospects of reproduction, supporting evidence that avian species may devote comparable amounts of energy into survival, regardless of life history strategy.

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Elevated nest predation risk promotes offspring size variation in birds with prolonged parental care.

10.32942/osf.io/h2mpw ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Gretchen F. Wagner ◽

Emeline Mourocq ◽

Michael Griesser

Keyword(s):

Predation Risk ◽

Reproductive Cycle ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Nest Predation ◽

Bird Species ◽

Size Variation ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Offspring Size ◽

Natural Predation ◽

Risk Spreading

Predation of offspring is the main cause of reproductive failure in many species, and the mere fear of offspring predation shapes reproductive strategies. Yet, natural predation risk is ubiquitously variable and can be unpredictable. Consequently, the perceived prospect of predation early in a reproductive cycle may not reflect the actual risk to ensuing offspring. An increased variance in investment across offspring has been linked to breeding in unpredictable environments in several taxa, but has so far been overlooked as a maternal response to temporal variation in predation risk. Here, we experimentally increased the perceived risk of nest predation prior to egg-laying in seven bird species. Species with prolonged parent-offspring associations increased their intra-brood variation in egg, and subsequently offspring, size. High risk to offspring early in a reproductive cycle can favour a risk-spreading strategy particularly in species with the greatest opportunity to even out offspring quality after fledging.

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Three hundred years of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) persecution in Germany

Archives of Natural History ◽

10.3366/anh.2007.34.2.307 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 307-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. SEITZ

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

House Sparrow ◽

Bird Species ◽

Passer Domesticus ◽

Second World War ◽

Population Increase ◽

World War ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Second World

Modernization of agriculture, economic development and population increase after the end of the Thirty Years' War caused authorities in many parts of Germany to decree the eradication of so-called pest animals, including the House Sparrow. Farmers were given targets, and had to deliver the heads of sparrows in proportion to the size of their farms or pay fines. At the end of the eighteenth century German ornithologists argued against the eradication of the sparrows. During the mid-nineteenth century, C. L. Gloger, the pioneer of bird protection in Germany, emphasized the value of the House Sparrow in controlling insect plagues. Many decrees were abolished because either they had not been obeyed, or had resulted in people protecting sparrows so that they always had enough for their “deliveries”. Surprisingly, various ornithologists, including Ernst Hartert and the most famous German bird conservationist Freiherr Berlepsch, joined in the war against sparrows at the beginning of the twentieth century, because sparrows were regarded as competitors of more useful bird species. After the Second World War, sparrows were poisoned in large numbers. Persecution of sparrows ended in Germany in the 1970s. The long period of persecution had a significant but not long-lasting impact on House Sparrow populations, and therefore cannot be regarded as a factor in the recent decline of this species in urban and rural areas of western and central Europe.

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JENIS BURUNG DI KAMPUS UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA

Jurnal Protobiont ◽

10.26418/protobiont.v9i1.40559 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sutarto Kusuma Indra ◽

Kustiati Kustiati ◽

Rafdinal Rafdinal

Keyword(s):

Habitat Loss ◽

Human Life ◽

Natural Habitat ◽

Bird Species ◽

Residential Land ◽

Encounter Rates ◽

Passer Montanus ◽

Quality Degradation

Quality degradation, modification, and habitat loss are significant threats to bird species. The natural habitat of birds has been modified into residential land and facilities to meet the needs of human life as happened at Tanjungpura University. This study aims to determine of birds species at Tanjungpura University. Observations were carried out from January to March 2019. The method used in collecting the data from bird was “Encounter rates” which was conducted in the morning starting at 6 – 9 am and at 3 - 6 pm. The data obtained were analyzed with the formula of simple abundance scale and frequency of attendance. The birds found at Universitas Tanjungpura are 28 species classified into 23 genera, 17 families, and seven orders. Birds found to have an abundance order scale are classified into abundant, general, frequent and, unusual categories. Birds included in the abundant category are Collocalia fuciphaga and Passer montanus. The types of bird foods at Tanjungpura University consist of frugivore, insectivore, granivore, herbivore, carnivore, piscivore, omnivore, molluscivore, and nectarivore. The value of attendance frequency have range between 10-100%. The bird species with highest frequency of attendance’s value is Passer montanus, Pycnonotus aurigaster, Pycnonotus goiavier, Collocalia fuciphaga, and Anthreptes malacensis.

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