Characteristics of diabetic foot disease and risk factors in Benghazi, Libya

ObjectivesPoor health literacy (HL) is associated with poorer health outcomes in diabetes but little is known about its effects on foot disease. This study was aimed to determine the associations between HL and diabetic foot disease.DesignThis is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a prospective study of foot disease.SettingAttendees of the Royal Hobart Hospital’s Diabetes outpatient clinics.Participants222 people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes aged >40 years and without a history of foot disease, psychotic disorders or dementia.MeasuresOutcomes were peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease and foot deformity according to published guidelines. The exposure, HL, was measured using the short form Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA) and the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). Covariates included demographic characteristics, medical history, psychological measures and foot care behaviour.ResultsOf 222 participants, 204 had adequate HL. (Mean (SD) S-TOFHLA scores were 31.9 (6.7)), mean(SD) HLQ scores were 134.4 (18.4)). In univariable but not multivariable analyses, higher S-TOFHLA scores were associated with lower overall risk for foot disease (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.99) and loss of protective sensation (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.995).ConclusionsThese data provide little support for clinically important impacts of HL on risk factors for diabetic foot disease. However, in the absence of longitudinal data, such effects cannot be ruled out. Longitudinal studies measuring incident foot disease are needed to properly judge the potential for interventions improving HL to reduce the incidence of diabetic foot disease.

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Risk factors for lower extremity amputation in diabetic foot disease categorized by Wagner classification

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice ◽

10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.034 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 358-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Jui-Hung Sun ◽

Jir-Shiong Tsai ◽

Chung-Huei Huang ◽

Chia-Hung Lin ◽

Hui-Mei Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Lower Extremity Amputation ◽

Diabetic Foot Disease ◽

Foot Disease ◽

Extremity Amputation

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A Retrospective Study Assessing the Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Linked to Diabetic Foot Ulcer Incidence in Jiaxing, China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-924121/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qiang Zhou ◽

Minjie Mao ◽

Yichuan Shao ◽

Danlu Yu ◽

Shengjie Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Course Of Disease ◽

Diabetic Foot Disease ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Foot Disease

Abstract Objective: Diabetic foot (DF) is one of the common serious complications of diabetes, which is an important cause of death and disability, and is associated with diabetic vascular disease and diabetic neuropathy. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and risk factors for diabetic foot among a diabetic population. Methods: The study was a retrospective cohort review. The population studied was 348 male examinees of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), in which age-matched equal examinees (174 patients each) were with diabetic foot (DF Group) and with no indication of diabetic foot (non-DF group), hospitalized in the same year at The First Hospital of Jiaxing, China. Medical records were reviewed to collect clinical profile, including duration of disease, smoking, previous diabetic foot incidence, and medication (such as metformin). Categorical data between groups were analyzed using chi-square test (χ2). Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used for multi-factor analysis to identify the risk factors of diabetic foot. Results: Comparing the baseline data of DF Group and non-DF Group, age, course of disease, LDL-C and use of metformin showed no significant difference (P >0.05). The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that smoking history (OR=1.88, P=0.020), previous diabetic foot history (OR=2.290, P=0.016), Hcy (OR=1.194, p≤0.001) were independent risk factors for diabetic foot disease, and HgB (OR =0.984, P=0.021) was the protective factor of diabetic foot disease in male subjects. Age (OR=0.985, P=0.304), course of disease (OR=1.048, P=0.233), history of metformin use (OR=0.851, P=0.509), HbA1c (OR=1.302, P=0.059), LDL-C (OR=0.936, P=0.698), Creatinine (OR =1.010, P=0.326), and ALB (OR =0.943, P=0.084) were not significantly correlated with diabetic foot disease. Conclusions: Smoking, previous diabetic foot history, and homocysteine are independent risk factors for diabetic foot disease. HgB is the protective factor of diabetic foot disease in male patients.

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Foot pathology and risk factors for diabetic foot disease in elderly men

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice ◽

10.1016/0168-8227(96)01201-6 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 32 (1-2) ◽

pp. 103-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

L.-E. Bresäter ◽

L. Welin ◽

B. Romanus

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Elderly Men ◽

Diabetic Foot Disease ◽

Foot Disease

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Determination of Risk Factors for the Development of Diabetic Foot Disease

European Journal of Human Health ◽

10.29228/ejhh.52419 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Gamze Işıl ◽

Hakan Demirci

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Diabetic Foot Disease ◽

Foot Disease

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Diabetic Foot Disease—Incidence and Risk Factors: A Clinical Study

Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery Asia Pacific ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10040-1046 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 41-46

Author(s):

Rajesh Kapila ◽

Rakesh Sharma ◽

Ashwani K Sharma ◽

Jagsir Mann

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Elderly Males ◽

Diabetic Foot Disease ◽

Foot Disease

ABSTRACT Diabetic foot disease is one of the most common, yet dreaded long-term complication of diabetes mellitus, especially in developing countries. It is the single-most common cause of nontraumatic lower limb amputations. Various studies worldwide have shown an incidence of diabetic foot to be 15 to 25%. Elderly males who are smokers and have habit of alcohol intake and have long duration of type 2 diabetes are at major risk for this problem. The other significant risk factors are: Poor glycemic control, neuropathy, angiopathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Management of diabetic foot disease involves a multidisciplinary approach. The present study was conducted with the aim to know about the prevalence of the incidence of diabetic foot disease in diabetic patients and to enumerate the different risk factors associated with it for the occurrence of diabetic foot disease in such patients at the time of presentation. Over a period of 1 year, a prospective study involving 1,016 diabetic patients as per World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were screened for diabetic foot disease. All cases were graded as per University of Texas classification. Incidence of diabetic foot disease was calculated and the risk factors were identified through proper history taking, clinical evaluation, and specialized tests as and when required. Some of the common risk factors identified in our study were: Elderly males from poor families having long-term type 2 diabetes and who were smokers and alcoholics. Many of these patients had other systemic complications of diabetes in the form of neuropathy, retinopathy, angiopathy, and nephropathy as well. A very important, yet easily modifiable risk factor was poor glycemic control. Our conclusion from the study is being that the diabetic foot disease is much common than anticipated in diabetes mellitus patients; it is on the rise and the resultant morbidity is very crippling to the affected individuals. Therefore it is very important to identify the risk factors and educate patients about them, especially the modifiable risk factors, so that its incidence and the morbidity can be brought down significantly. How to cite this article Sharma R, Kapila R, Sharma AK, Mann J. Diabetic Foot Disease—Incidence and Risk Factors: A Clinical Study. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2016;3(1):41-46.

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Critical limb ischaemia in diabetes: definition, assessment, prognosis

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526.30.s58.21 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement 58) ◽

pp. 21-27

Author(s):

Luther

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Foot ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Critical Limb Ischaemia ◽

Limb Ischaemia ◽

Clinical Use ◽

Arterial Reconstruction ◽

Arterial Circulation ◽

Diabetic Foot Disease ◽

Foot Disease ◽

Fontaine Classification

In diabetic foot disease, critical limb ischaemia (CLI) cannot be precisely described using established definitions. For clinical use, the Fontaine classification complemented with any objective verification of a reduced arterial circulation is sufficient for decision making. For scientific purposes, objective measurement criteria should be reported. Assessment of CLI should rely on the physical examination of the limb arteries, complemented by laboratory tests like the shape of the PVR curve at ankle or toe levels, and arteriography. The prognosis of CLI in diabetic foot disease depends on the success of arterial reconstruction. The best prognosis for the patients is with a preserved limb. Reconstructive surgery is the best choice for the majority of patients.

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