scholarly journals Oral Tobaccco and Mortality in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. IJCM.S25889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Mohan ◽  
Harry A. Lando
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Indian Context

This comprehensive review includes large-scale pan-India surveys and regional studies. Every aspect of smokeless tobacco, including variations in social, economic, demographic, gender, and education stratifiers, is presented. This evidence-based presentation thereby provides insight not only to assess the burden but can serve as a base, leading to the development and encouragement of research in closing the existing gaps in knowledge. It can also provide a track to formulate tobacco control strategies as well as to reinforce and potentially guide tobacco control policy aimed at addressing the tailored needs in the Indian context. The recommendations expand the tobacco control spectrum and are the first of their kind in the literature to focus on cessation programs as a paramedical subject to draw the attention of not only policymakers but also to integrate medical and dental educational institutions, health care professionals, and tobacco users to synergistically develop successful tobacco control measures.

PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN GHANA: POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OF INTEGRATED OPTIMAL CONTROL STRATEGIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 625-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
HONG ZHANG ◽  
PRINCE HARVIM ◽  
PAUL GEORGESCU
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Endemic Equilibrium ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Dimensional System ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Manifold Theory

The goal of a future free from schistosomiasis in Ghana can be achieved through integrated strategies, targeting simultaneously several stages of the life cycle of the schistosome parasite. In this paper, the transmission of schistosomiasis is modeled as a multi-scale 12-dimensional system of ODEs that includes vector-host and within-host dynamics of infection. An explicit expression for the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] is obtained via the next generation method, this expression being interpreted in biological terms, as well as in terms of reproductive numbers for each type of interaction involved. After discussing the stability of the disease-free equilibrium and the existence and uniqueness of the endemic equilibrium, the Center Manifold Theory is used to show that for values of [Formula: see text] larger than 1, but close to 1, the unique endemic equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable. A sensitivity analysis indicates that [Formula: see text] is most sensitive to the natural death rate of the vector population, while numerical simulations of optimal control strategies reveal that the most effective strategy for the control and possible elimination of schistosomiasis should combine sanitary measures (access to safe water, improved sanitation and hygiene education), large-scale treatment of infected population and vector control measures (via the use of molluscicides), for a significant amount of time.

Tobacco control strategies in psychiatric services in catalonia (Spain)

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 45-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ballbè ◽  
G. Nieva ◽  
S. Mondon ◽  
C. Pinet ◽  
E. Bruguera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Psychiatric Inpatient ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

IntroductionMortality and morbidity due to smoking in people with mental illnesses are higher than in the general population. However, smoking continues to be allowed in psychiatric premises of many countries despite being prohibited in workplaces including health care services.ObjectiveTo describe tobacco control strategies undertaken in psychiatric inpatient services and day centers in Catalonia.AimsTo study tobacco control strategies in psychiatric services in order to identify unmet needs.MethodsA cross-sectional study including all psychiatric services offering public service in Catalonia (n = 192). The managers answered an on-line questionnaire with 24 items grouped in four dimensions: staff's training & commitment, clinical intervention, management of smoking areas, and communication of smoke-free policies.Results186 of the managers (96.9%) responded to the questionnaire. Results showed low levels of implementation of tobacco control strategies, especially in the training and intervention dimensions. 41.0% of the services usually intervened in their patients’ tobacco use but an overall 65.9% didn’t have pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation available. 47.3% of the managers stated that their staff had not enough knowledge on smoking cessation interventions. 38.9% of the services had smoking indoor areas. Day Centers showed the lowest implementation of tobacco control measures while services belonging to the Network of Smoke-free Hospitals showed the highest implementation.ConclusionsCurrent Spanish partial law has failed to promote a desirable tobacco control in psychiatric services. There is a need to extend tobacco control policies, specifically in terms of smoking intervention and training, together with a higher availability of resources.

scholarly journals Healthy People Countdown 2030: reaching 5% cigarette smoking prevalence among US adults through state cigarette excise tax increases

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056755
Author(s):  
Nigar Nargis
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Linear Trends

ObjectiveThe Healthy People 2030 goal is to reduce US current adult cigarette smoking prevalence to 5% by 2030. The objective of this report is to investigate if this goal is achievable using state cigarette excise tax increases.MethodsState-specific linear trends in smoking prevalence over 2011–2019 were determined using fractional logit regression and compared with the desired linear trends for achieving 5% smoking prevalence by 2030 in individual states and the District of Columbia (DC). The gaps between price-adjusted and desired trends were used in a simulation model for identifying state-specific systematic annual increases in state cigarette excise tax rates based on state-specific price elasticity of smoking prevalence, maintaining the status quo in other non-tax tobacco control measures.ResultsThe price-adjusted trends in smoking prevalence observed over 2011–2019 exceed the desired trends for achieving 5% smoking prevalence target by 2030 in only five states (eg, Washington, Utah, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Maryland) and the DC. It suggests that majority of states and USA overall will miss the target smoking prevalence at the current rate of reduction in smoking. 45 states would need systematic annual increases in cigarette excise tax rate in a range of $0.02–$1.37 per pack over 2022–2030 to meet the target.ConclusionsThe feasibility of reaching the Healthy People 2030 goal would critically depend on the acceleration of progress in tobacco control. Tax increases tailored to the needs of individual states combined with scaled-up non-tax tobacco control policy interventions can help achieve the desired progress.

scholarly journals Emission trends and mitigation options for air pollutants in East Asia

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 2601-2674 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. X. Wang ◽  
B. Zhao ◽  
S. Y. Cai ◽  
Z. Klimont ◽  
C. Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
High Efficient

Abstract. Emissions of air pollutants in East Asia play an important role in the regional and global atmospheric environment. In this study we evaluated the recent emission trends of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matters (PM), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) in East Asia, and projected their future emissions up to 2030 with six emission scenarios. The results will provide future emission projections for the modeling community of the model inter-comparison program for Asia (MICS-Asia). During 2005–2010, the emissions of SO2 and PM2.5 in East Asia decreased by 15 % and 11%, respectively, mainly attributable to the large scale deployment of FGD for China's power plants, and the promotion of high-efficient PM removal technologies in China's power plants and cement industry. During this period, the emissions of NOx and NMVOC increased by 25% and 15%, driven by the rapid increase in the emissions from China owing to inadequate control strategies. In contrast, the NOx and NMVOC emissions in East Asia except China decreased by 13–17% mainly due to the implementation of tight vehicle emission standards in Japan and South Korea. Under current legislation and current implementation status, NOx, SO2, and NMVOC emissions in East Asia are estimated to increase by about one quarter by 2030 from the 2010 levels, while PM2.5 emissions are expected to decrease by 7%. Assuming enforcement of new energy-saving policies, emissions of NOx, SO2, PM2.5 and NMVOC in East Asia are expected to decrease by 28%, 36%, 28%, and 15% respectively compared with the baseline case. The implementation of the "progressive" end-of-pipe control measures is expected to lead to another one third reduction of the baseline emissions of NOx, and about one quarter reduction for SO2, PM2.5, and NMVOC. With the full implementation of maximum feasible reduction measures, the emissions of NOx, SO2, and PM2.5 in East Asia are expected to account for only about one quarter and NMVOC for one third of the levels of the baseline projection. Compared with previous projections, this study projects larger reduction in NOx and SO2 emissions by considering aggressive govermental plans and standards scheduled to be implemented in the next decade, and quantifies the significant effects of detailed progressive control measures on NMVOC emissions up to 2030.

Inter-Organizational Study of Access Control Security Measures

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-79
Author(s):  
Winfred Yaokumah ◽  
Eric Saviour Aryee Okai
Keyword(s):  
Access Control ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
User Access ◽  
Organizational Study ◽  
Industry Sectors ◽  
Application Access

This study assesses the level of implementation and management of access control security measures among organizations. A survey was conducted and 233 responses were received from 56 organizations drawn from 5 major industry sectors of Ghana. This study focuses on the four access control clauses, namely access control policy, user access management, user responsibility and accountability, and system and application access control, which were adopted from ISO/IEC27002 international information systems security management standard. Overall, the results show that the organizations' level of implementation and management of access control measures were approximately 66.6% (Level 3 - well defined), indicating that access control measures were documented, approved, and implemented organization-wide. Moreover, the results show significant differences in the implementation and management of access control measures among the organizations. For all the access control measures, the financial and health care institutions outperform educational institutions and government public services.

scholarly journals Living with plague: Lessons from the Soviet Union’s antiplague system

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (19) ◽  
pp. 9155-9163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan D. Jones ◽  
Bakyt Atshabar ◽  
Boris V. Schmid ◽  
Marlene Zuk ◽  
Anna Amramina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Novel Technologies

Zoonoses, such as plague, are primarily animal diseases that spill over into human populations. While the goal of eradicating such diseases is enticing, historical experience validates abandoning eradication in favor of ecologically based control strategies (which reduce morbidity and mortality to a locally accepted risk level). During the 20th century, one of the most extensive plague-eradication efforts in recorded history was undertaken to enable large-scale changes in land use in the former Soviet Union (including vast areas of central Asia). Despite expending tremendous resources in its attempt to eradicate plague, the Soviet antiplague response gradually abandoned the goal of eradication in favor of plague control linked with developing basic knowledge of plague ecology. Drawing from this experience, we combine new gray-literature sources, historical and recent research, and fieldwork to outline best practices for the control of spillover from zoonoses while minimally disrupting wildlife ecosystems, and we briefly compare the Soviet case with that of endemic plague in the western United States. We argue for the allocation of sufficient resources to maintain ongoing local surveillance, education, and targeted control measures; to incorporate novel technologies selectively; and to use ecological research to inform developing landscape-based models for transmission interruption. We conclude that living with emergent and reemergent zoonotic diseases—switching to control—opens wider possibilities for interrupting spillover while preserving natural ecosystems, encouraging adaptation to local conditions, and using technological tools judiciously and in a cost-effective way.

scholarly journals Emission trends and mitigation options for air pollutants in East Asia

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 6571-6603 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. X. Wang ◽  
B. Zhao ◽  
S. Y. Cai ◽  
Z. Klimont ◽  
C. P. Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
So2 Emissions

Abstract. Emissions of air pollutants in East Asia play an important role in the regional and global atmospheric environment. In this study we evaluated the recent emission trends of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) in East Asia, and projected their future emissions up until 2030 with six emission scenarios. The results will provide future emission projections for the modeling community of the model inter-comparison program for Asia (MICS-Asia). During 2005–2010, the emissions of SO2 and PM2.5 in East Asia decreased by 15 and 12%, respectively, mainly attributable to the large-scale deployment of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) at China's power plants, and the promotion of highly efficient PM removal technologies in China's power plants and cement industry. During this period, the emissions of NOx and NMVOC increased by 25 and 15%, driven by rapid increase in the emissions from China due to inadequate control strategies. In contrast, the NOx and NMVOC emissions in East Asia except China decreased by 13–17%, mainly due to the implementation of stringent vehicle emission standards in Japan and South Korea. Under current regulations and current levels of implementation, NOx, SO2, and NMVOC emissions in East Asia are projected to increase by about one-quarter over 2010 levels by 2030, while PM2.5 emissions are expected to decrease by 7%. Assuming enforcement of new energy-saving policies, emissions of NOx, SO2, PM2.5 and NMVOC in East Asia are expected to decrease by 28, 36, 28, and 15%, respectively, compared with the baseline case. The implementation of "progressive" end-of-pipe control measures would lead to another one-third reduction of the baseline emissions of NOx, and about one-quarter reduction of SO2, PM2.5, and NMVOC. Assuming the full application of technically feasible energy-saving policies and end-of-pipe control technologies, the emissions of NOx, SO2, and PM2.5 in East Asia would account for only about one-quarter, and NMVOC for one-third, of the levels of the baseline projection. Compared with previous projections, this study projects larger reductions in NOx and SO2 emissions by considering aggressive governmental plans and standards scheduled to be implemented in the next decade, and quantifies the significant effects of detailed progressive control measures on NMVOC emissions up until 2030.

scholarly journals Assessing progress in protecting non-smokers from secondhand smoke

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 692-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Semple ◽  
Will Mueller ◽  
Alastair H Leyland ◽  
Linsay Gray ◽  
John W Cherrie
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Salivary Cotinine ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Exposure Metrics

ObjectiveTo examine trends in population exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and consider two exposure metrics as appropriate targets for tobacco control policy-makers.DesignComparison of adult non-smokers’ salivary cotinine data available from 11 Scottish Health Surveys between 1998 and 2016.MethodsThe proportions of non-smoking adults who had measurable levels of cotinine in their saliva were calculated for the 11 time points. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of cotinine levels were calculated using Tobit regression. Changes in both parameters were assessed for the whole period and also for the years since implementation of smoke-free legislation in Scotland in 2006.ResultsSalivary cotinine expressed as a GM fell from 0.464 ng/mL (95% CI 0.444 to 0.486 ng/mL) in 1998 to 0.013 ng/mL (95% CI 0.009 to 0.020 ng/mL) in 2016: a reduction of 97.2%. The percentage of non-smoking adults who had no measurable cotinine in their saliva increased by nearly sixfold between 1998 (12.5%, 95% CI 11.5% to 13.6%) and 2016 (81.6%, 95% CI 78.6% to 84.6%). Reductions in population exposure to SHS have continued even after smoke-free legislation in 2006.ConclusionsScotland has witnessed a dramatic reduction in SHS exposure in the past two decades, but there are still nearly one in five non-smoking adults who have measurable exposure to SHS on any given day. Tobacco control strategies globally should consider the use of both the proportion of non-smoking adults with undetectable salivary cotinine and the GM as targets to encourage policies that achieve a smoke-free future.

scholarly journals The Kentucky SimSmoke Tobacco Control Policy Model of Smokeless Tobacco and Cigarette Use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luz María Sánchez-Romero ◽  
Zhe Yuan ◽  
Yameng Li ◽  
David T. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Tobacco Control Policy ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
The Impact

Background: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) prevalence was decreasing in Kentucky before 2007, but has since increased. This study examines the impact of policies on cigarette and SLT use by applying the SimSmoke tobacco control policy simulation model. Methods: Using data from the large-scale Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) and information on state-specific tobacco policies, Kentucky SimSmoke is updated and extended to incorporate exclusive SLT and dual cigarette and SLT use. The model is validated using survey data through 2017. The model was used to estimate the impact on smoking and SLT prevalence and attributable deaths of policies implemented between 1993 and 2018 and the impact of stronger future policies implemented in 2018 and maintained through 2060. Results: SimSmoke generally reflects trends in exclusive cigarette use from the TUS-CPS and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), but underestimated the increase in SLT prevalence in recent years. SimSmoke projects that policies implemented between 1993 and 2018 reduced male and female cigarette use by 23.7% and 23.0%, and male and female SLT use by 4.9% by 2018, averting 9018 tobacco-attributable deaths by 2018, increasing to 89 547 by 2060. The largest reductions in cigarette and SLT use were attributed to cigarette price increases. Strengthening tobacco control policies could reduce smoking prevalence by 41% and 40%, and reduce SLT prevalence by 33% and 25% for males and females by 2060. Conclusion: Our results suggest that cigarette-oriented policies were effective in reducing SLT use but have been less successful in recent years. Future use rates can be further reduced through more restrictive statewide policies, which also target non-combustible nicotine products.

Promoting smoking cessation in China: a foot-in-the-door approach to tobacco control advocacy

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Siu Chee Chan ◽  
Yee Tak Derek Cheung ◽  
David Chung Ngor Wong ◽  
Chao Qiang Jiang ◽  
Yao He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Steering Committee ◽  
Control Atmosphere ◽  
Media Advocacy ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The University

Introduction: The Chinese government’s implementation of the MPOWER policies and compliance with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control requirements has been slow. We used the ‘foot-in-the-door’ approach to promote tobacco control advocacy through capacity building of healthcare leaders, and establishment of smoking cessation clinics in Guangzhou and Beijing (two of the largest cities in China). Methods: This collaborative pilot project involved the University of Hong Kong and three major hospitals in Guangzhou and Beijing. A steering committee conducted the smoking cessation training workshops starting from April 2006, and set up three smoking cessation model clinics during August 2006 to October 2008. We followed up the trained health care professionals (HCPs) in 2014 and 2015 to assess their impacts on tobacco control beyond smoking cessation. Results: We emphasized the importance of the general tobacco control atmosphere during smoking cessation training of 139 HCPs to motivate them to engage in tobacco control advocacy. In addition to enhancing their knowledge and skills in cessation, the HCPs were then involved in the establishment of three in-hospital smoking cessation clinics and served as smoking cessation counselors since June 2008. Moreover, they ventured outside the clinics and the community to publicize smoking cessation. Their effort has contributed to smoke-free legislation, better surveillance on smoking and media advocacy on tobacco control in China. Conclusions: The training and establishment of smoking cessation clinics could serve as a means to motivate and empower HCPs who could contribute to broaden tobacco control policy in China.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document