The performance of primiparous and multiparous beef cows rearing single and simulated-twin calves
One hundred and eighteen Hereford-cross heifers (n = 70) and cows (n = 48) and their offspring were used to evaluate the impact of simulated twinning on weaned calf production and reproductive performance. Twin-calf rearing was simulated by the adoption of a second calf born within 24 h of the birth of the dam's natural calf. In each of 4 yr, cows calved in winter (January–February), were turned out in spring (late May) to rotationally graze grass-legume pastures until weaning in the fall (late September). From calving until turnout cows were given a forage-based diet consisting of either grass-legume silage or hay offered free choice, plus concentrate, the amount of which was 75 or 100% higher for dams in the simulated-twin (ST) than the single (S) treatment. All calves had access to the conserved forage and were given the concentrate ration as creep feed. Estrus detection was performed twice daily beginning 3 wk before and continuing for 4 wk into the breeding season, which consisted of AI for the first 25 d and bull service for the remaining 22 d. In years 2 and 3, the postpartum anestrous period was determined by serum progesterone concentrations. At weaning, S calves weighed more than natural or adopted calves in the ST treatment because weight gain was greater for S calves from birth to turnout. However calf production efficiency (total kilograms calf weaned per kilogram dam weight) was greater for primiparous and multiparous ST than S groups (primiparous 0.85 vs. 0.43 and multiparous 1.62 vs. 0.49; P < 0.05). The ST treatment had no negative effect (P > 0.05) on reproductive performance. As a research tool, this study suggests there are large potential benefits to beef cows raising two, as opposed to one calf. Simulated twinning poses severe management challenges and is not being proposed as a commercial option. However, advances in reproductive technology that could control twinning (e.g., transfer of an embryo a week following AI or twin-transfer of sexed embryos) mean that in future, twin rearing of beef calves may become a feasible option and this study provides valuable information on the post-natal management of cows rearing two calves. Key words: Simulated-twin, progesterone, post-partum, weaning, cow-calf, calves