ENERGY DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY PIGS AND RATS FED DIETS CONTAINING NON-NUTRITIVE DILUENTS AND VARYING IN PROTEIN LEVEL

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. A. Likuski ◽  
J. P. Bowland ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Lower Energy ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lower Energy Level ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Old Rats

Diets containing gross energy levels of 3.9 and 3.2 Cal./gm. and crude protein levels of 14 and 18 per cent on an air-dry basis (4.4 and 3.5 Cal./gm and 15 and 20 per cent respectively on an oven-dry basis) were fed in a 2 × 2 factorial design to weanling rats and pigs. The lower energy level was achieved by adding 20 per cent of a fine aggregate of vermiculite. In the rat experiment the vermiculite was compared with a similar level or non-nutritive cellulose. Dry matter, apparent energy and apparent nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention were determined with 4- to 5-week-old rats weighing approximately 80 grams and with pigs averaging approximately 8, 20 and 50 kilograms liveweight.The apparent digestibility of energy and nitrogen by rats and pigs was similar. The percentage apparent nitrogen digestibility was reduced in both species fed lower energy diets. Dry matter and energy digestibilities were lowered in rats fed lower energy diets containing vermiculite but a similar effect was evident only in 8-kilogram pigs.Nitrogen retention varied between the two species. Percentage gross or digestible nitrogen retention in rats was increased with higher energy and with lower protein diets. Retention of digested nitrogen in Pigs was reduced with higher energy compared to lower energy diets. Higher protein improved nitrogen retention in 8-kilogram pigs but lowered retention in heavier pigs.

Nutritional evaluation of wheat 1. Effects of preparation on digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen in pigs

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
L. R. Giles ◽  
A. R. Alimon ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Matter Energy ◽  
Plot Design

SUMMARY1. A split-plot design was used to study apparent digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen of a whole grain wheat diet and processed (hammermilled, rolled or hammermilled and then steam-pelleted) wheat diets by eight small (33·9 ± 0·1 kg) and eight large (70±1·7 kg) pigs. Metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention were also studied with the small pigs.2. The processed wheat diets were superior to the whole grain wheat diet in all the parameters measured.3. There were no significant differences between the performance of pigs given the differently processed wheat diets.4. Apparent digestibility of dietary components particularly in the whole wheat diet was significantly higher when diets were given to small pigs than when given to large pigs.

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF RAPESEED FLOUR FOR MINK: EFFECTS ON LIVE PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, THYROID FUNCTION AND PELT QUALITY

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BELZILE ◽  
L. S. POLIQUIN ◽  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Iodine Level ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Matter Basis

A trial for testing the replacement value of rapeseed flour (RF) (blend of Brassica napus and campestris) for raw meat was conducted with growing-furring mink. The RF contained 67% crude protein and approximately 1/10 of the quantity of glucosinolates normally found in commercial meal. Forty male pastel mink were fed diets containing 0, 6.5, 13.4 and 20% RF (dry-matter basis) from the end of July to pelting. On a dry-matter basis, the diets contained approximately 41% protein and the percentages of protein as RF protein were 0, 4.3, 9 and 12.4. Initially, the animals ate significantly (P < 0.05) more feed and grew significantly (P < 0.05) faster on the 0 and 6.5% RF diets, but later, weight gain and feed consumption were the same for all groups (P > 0.05). After 70 days on trial, weight gain was less (P < 0.05) on the 20% RF diet compared with the 0 and 6.5% diets. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen, and in nitrogen retention for the mink receiving the diets containing 13.4 and 20% RF. Mink fed the 20% RF diet showed significant (P < 0.05) thyroid hypertrophy, but at slaughter serum protein-bound iodine level was the same (P > 0.05) for all groups. There was little difference among groups with respect to pelt size and pelt quality.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Some Wild-Gathered Tropical Plant Seeds

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikechukwu E. Ezeagu ◽  
Cornelia C. Metges ◽  
Jürgen Proll ◽  
Klaus J. Petzke ◽  
Akintunde O. Akinsoyinu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Tropical Plant ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Alternative Sources

As part of the search for alternative sources of food to alleviate hunger, this study reports the approximate total contents of soluble sugars, starch, and gross energy of nine lesser-known wild-gathered plant seeds. High crude protein levels occurred in Lonchocarpus sericeus (28.03%), Albizia zygia (32.90%), and Gliricidia septum (34.15%). High levels of fat occurred in Entandrophragma angolense (59.30%), L. sericeus (34.15%), and Millettia thonningii (30.66%). Low levels of crude protein but high levels of total carbohydrate were found in Diospyros mespiliformis (77.21% carbohydrate), Daneillia ogea (74.32% carbohydrate), and Afzelia belle (53.96% carbohydrate). Starch contents were high in A. zygia (40.46%), D. ogea (69.62%), and A. belle (51.43%). The seeds with high fat content invariably showed high gross energy levels: E. angolense (30.9 kJ/g), L. sericeus (24.37 kJ/g), and M. thonningii (25.12 kJ/g). The results are compared to those for soya bean and other common staples. It is concluded that these less familiar wild seed plants should not be ignored, but further investigation into possible toxic and antinutrient factors, amino acid patterns, digestibility, and fatty acid composition is still required before recommendations are made.

Problems involved in the utilization of alkali-treated fibrous roughages 1. The effects of level of roughage and protein in the diet and neutralization of residual alkali

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Drori ◽  
Y. Folman
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Levels

ABSTRACTWheat straw treated with 35 g NaOH per kg was offered to male calves at three levels: 300 (A), 500 (B), and 700 (C) g/kg diet, in a metabolism trial and in a feeding trial. In the former the wheat straw was offered either neutralized with HC1 (N) or unneutralized (U), in six subtreatments (AN, BN, CN, AU, BU and CU) in a 3 × 2 factorial design to a total of 24 calves. Dry-matter intake per kg W0·73was 123, 108, 104, 122, 105 and 91 g/day, and the digestibility of the organic matter of the straw was 0·388, 0·616, 0·629, 0·385, 0·528 and 0·544 respectively. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein of the straw was negative. Nitrogen retention per kg W0·73was 0·91, 0·58, 0·52, 0·97, 0·57 and 0·50 g/day, respectively.In the feeding trial, unneutralized, NaOH-treated wheat straw was offered to a total of 84 calves for 100 days at the above three levels with two protein levels: standard, 120 g/kg (S) and high, 140 g/kg (H), in six subtreatments (AS, BS, CS, AH, BH and CH) in a 3 × 2 factorial design. The concentrates were pelleted. From day 101 to slaughter all the calves were offered one finishing diet.Level of protein had no effect on performance. Increasing the levels of straw in the first 100 days sharply reduced average daily gains; these were 1 074, 825 and 583 g, respectively. However, the respective average daily gains on the finishing diet were 1 131, 1 272 and 1 316 g, indicating a considerable amount of compensatory growth.

Determination of the optimum crude protein requirement of pigs in a tropical environment

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
M. J. Olomu ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYFeeding trials were carried out at different times of the year to determine the optimum crude protein requirements of weaner and growing pigs, using principally the locally available ingredients. The animals used were 96 weaners and 113 growing pigs of the Large White and Landrace breeds of average initial weights of about 9 kg and 41 kg respectively. Test diets contained protein levels ranging from 12% to 24% on a dry-matter basis, and the pigs were mostly group-fed ad libitum except for one trial. Average daily gains, efficiency of feed utilization, apparent nitrogen retention and digestibility, and feed cost per kg of body gain were measured. In a humid tropical environment, such as Ibadan, the optimum crude protein requirement for weaner pigs from 9 kg to 34 kg live weight is between 22 % and 24 % of dry matter, while that for the fattening pigs from 41 kg to 82 kg live weight is between 18% and 21% of dry matter.

Gross energy levels in regrowths of six pasture species, and relations with digestibility and chemical composition

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Michell
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy

Gross energy levels and energy digestibilities were determined on 80 single species pasture samples of known dry matter digestibility. Crude protein, ash and ether extract levels were also determined. The pastures consisted of regrowths of six species, Trifolium repens (White clover cv. Grasslands Huia), Lolium perenne x multiflorum (manawa ryegrass cv. Grasslands Manawa), Lolium (multiflorum x perenne) x L. perenne (ariki ryegrass cv. Grasslands Ari ki), Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass cv. Tasmanian No. 1), Dactylis glomerata (currie cocksfoot cv. Currie) and Dactylis glomerata (apanui cocksfoot cv. Grasslands Apanui), harvested eight times between May 1969 and August 1970. The gross energy levels in pasture dry matter and pasture digestible organic matter were highest with white clover (means 4.64 and 4.98 K cal g-1) and lowest with the ryegrasses (4.50 and 4.80 K cal g-1). They were also higher in the winter (4.60 and 4.91), autumn (4.53 and 4.90) and spring (4.56 and 4.86), and lower in the summer (4.49 and 4.77). Relations between gross energy levels and chemical composition were weak. The strongest relation was with crude protein content (r = +0.41, P < 0.01). Relations of energy digestibility and digestible energy level in pasture dry matter, with dry matter digestibility had high correlations (r = +0.97, P < 0.01, and r = +0.92, P < 0.01) and were similar to previously published relations. However, seasonal differences occurred in both relations and, at low dry matter digestibilities, winter pasture had higher energy digestibilities and higher levels of digestible energy than spring-summer pasture. Species differences occurred in the latter relation and, at high dry matter digestibilities, white clover had higher levels of digestible energy than the grasses.

A study of the effect of supplementing a concentrate diet with roughages of different quality on the performance of Friesian steers. I. Voluntary food intake and food utilization

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

SUMMARYConcentrate diets supplemented with 5, 20 and 40% of a high- and a low-quality hay were given ad libitum to British Friesian steers from 9 weeks of age to slaughter. The intake of dry matter and metabolizable energy was studied over weight ranges from 91 to 363 kg live weight. The quality of hay did not significantly affect the drymatter intake at any of the weight ranges studied. From 91 to 182 kg live weight the daily dry-matter intake decreased as the proportion of hay in the diet increased. Over the weight range from 182 to 272 kg live weight, intake was maximum at the 20% level of hay supplementation, while from 272 to 363 kg live weight, intake increased with increasing levels of hay in the diet. The supplementation of high-quality hay significantly increased the intake of metabolizable energy by animals weighing 91–182 kg. Increasing proportions of hay in the diet significantly affected the metabolizable energy intake at all stages of growth studied.At 18 and 36 weeks of age digestibility and N balance studies were carried out. The metabolizable energy expressed as a percentage of the gross energy and the mean retention time of the diets were significantly affected by the age of animal, quality of the hay and the level of hay supplementation. Nitrogen retention was also affected by the age of the animal but not by the quality of the hay.The relationships between the voluntary intake of dry matter and the metabolizable energy of the diet expressed as a percentage of the gross energy, for different stages of growth, are also presented.The change in the digestibility and the mean time of retention of the diets in the digestive tract with age and the effect of this on the point where physical regulation to intake gives way to physiological regulation are discussed.

scholarly journals  Nutritive value of red clover and lucerne forages for ruminants estimated by in vitro and in vivo digestibility methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 454-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Homolka ◽  
V. Koukolová ◽  
M. Podsedníček ◽  
A. Hlaváčková
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Model Expression

The aim of this study was to determine the nutrient and energy levels of red clover and lucerne forage. Investigation of forage at different maturity stages of three growths was carried out by chemical analysis, in vitro and in vivo digestibility methods.&nbsp; Generally, maturation caused a significant increase in fibre fractions. With the increasing maturity of forage samples the in vivo, in vitro, and calculated in vivo (in vivo<sub>calcul</sub>) digestibilities of organic matter (OM) linearly decreased. The in vitro and in vivo<sub>calcul</sub> digestibilities of OM averaged 0.754 and 0.708 for red clover and 0.717 and 0.667 for lucerne, respectively. The in vivo OM digestibility averaged 0.710 for red clover and 0.666 for lucerne. Gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEL), and net energy for growth (NEG) averaged 18.12, 12.41, 9.60, 5.67, 5.50 and 18.09, 11.56, 9.01, 5.26, 4.99 MJ/kg of dry matter for red clover and lucerne, respectively. The effect of a vegetative stage on energy values of both forages was diverged for various growth times. When data were pooled across the estimated season, seven cutting-specific equations for descriptions of GE, DE, ME, NEL, NEG, in vitro, and in vivo OM digestibilities were obtained for red clover and lucerne, separately. The red clover model expression gave similar prediction equations for lucerne. It was possible to predict cutting-specific equations with coefficients of determination R<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.719 for red clover and R<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.400 for lucerne of the variation in GE, DE, ME, NEL, and NEG. The in vitro and in vivo OM digestibility equations were predicted with R<sup>2 </sup>being 0.840 (in vitro) and 0.707 (in vivo) for red clover, and 0.979 (in vitro) and 0.937 (in vivo) for lucerne. The parameters of these specific equations were statistically preferable than the general model expression which included both forages together. &nbsp;

Effect of degradability of protein supplements on voluntary intake and nitrogen retention in young cattle fed grass silage

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gill ◽  
P. England
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Gross Energy

ABSTRACTGrass silage was offered ad libitum to twelve 4-month-old British Friesian steers in an incomplete Latin-square experiment. The silage was given either alone or supplemented isonitrogenously with 50 g fish meal or 63 g groundnut meal per kg silage dry matter.Both protein supplements significantly increased the intakes of dry matter and organic matter by an amount about equivalent to the (calculated) contribution of the supplement (P < 0·05); they also increased the intakes of digestible organic matter and nitrogen (P < 0·001) but with no significant difference between supplements. Protein supplementation had no effect on the intake of indigestible organic matter.The digestibility coefficients of dry matter and of organic matter were significantly increased by supplementation (P < 0·05) as were the digestibility coefficients of gross energy and of nitrogen (P < 0·001). Nitrogen retention was also increased from 1·4 to 8·2 g/day (P < 0·001), with no significant difference between supplements.

EFFECTS OF INCREASING THE ENERGY VALUE OF A WHOLE MILK DIET FOR CALVES. I. NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. LODGE ◽  
E. E. LISTER
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Holstein Calves

In each of four metabolism trials using male Holstein calves, the biological value (BV) of whole milk protein was improved by increasing the energy:protein ratio through addition of glucose or butterfat. Cow’s milk, which provided 21.7–23.8 kcal digestible energy (DE)/g digestible crude protein (DCP) had a BV of 73–78, whereas supplementation with glucose to provide 28 kcal DE/g DCP increased the BV to 84–86. Higher levels of glucose providing 31–32 kcal DE/g DCP tended to further elevate the BV to 87–89 but some diarrhea occurred in younger calves. Attempts to provide larger quantities of energy by increasing the amount of glucose resulted in severe diarrhea and the consistent detection of glucose in the feces. Except where the diarrhea was severe, digestibilities of dry matter and gross energy were not affected by increasing quantities of glucose in the diet. Protein digestibility, however, was depressed in each metabolism trial when higher levels (8–10% glucose monohydrate) were added to whole milk.

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