STAGE OF LACTATION EFFECTS, REPEATABILITIES AND INFLUENCES ON WEANING WEIGHTS OF YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF MILK IN BEEF CATTLE

Yield and composition of milk was measured on 270 cows with up to three parities each. Several combinations of breeds were included with all first parity females nursing Angus-sired calves and second and third parity females nursing Simmental-sired calves. Milk yields and compositions were obtained at 6, 14 and 22 wk postcalving. Yields were measured by both calf-nursing and machine-milking techniques. Milk yields were similar throughout lactation in first parity but declined over stages of lactation in parities two and three. No interactions between breed group of cow and stage of lactation were found. Milk fat percentages were found to be highest in early lactation, while protein percentages increased during lactation and lactose percentages remained constant. Milk yields increased from first to second parity, but were similar for second and third parities. Composition of milk was similar in all parities. Cows classified as being of dairy breeding had the highest milk yields, Jersey crosses were intermediate, while Charolais, British breeds and their crosses were lower and similar in milk yield. Jersey crosses were highest in milk fat percentage. Milk yield estimates were higher for the calf-nursing method than for the machine-milking method. Estimated repeatabilities of total milk yield, milk fat percent, milk protein percent and milk lactose percent were 0.40, 0.36, 0.58 and 0.52, respectively. Milk yields had a significant positive effect on weaning weights of calves. The inclusion of either milk fat percent or milk protein percent as covariates did not increase the percent of variation explained in weaning weights. Key words: Milk yield, beef weaning weights, milk composition, repeatabilities

Download Full-text

Effect of feeding textured concentrates with alfalfa cubes to lactating dairy cows producing low fat milk

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a96-106 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

pp. 735-737 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

W. C. Gardner ◽

M. A. G. von Keyserlingk ◽

J. A. Shelford ◽

L. J. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Volatile Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Effect Of Feeding

Twenty–one multiparous Holsteins were used in a cross over design with two 28-d periods. Cows were randomly assigned to two treatments to assess the effect of textured and pelleted concentrates fed with alfalfa cubes on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition and rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations. Those animals receiving the textured concentrate had significantly (P < 0.05) higher milk yield and milk fat percentage than did those animals fed the pelleted concentrate. A significant difference in the ratio of milk protein to milk fat was also observed with the cows receiving the pelleted concentrate having a ratio of 1.31 and the cows receiving the textured concentrate a ratio of 1.02. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed between the textured and pelleted feeds in total or individual volatile fatty acid concentrations. These results indicate that the feeding of textured concentrates can lead to an increase in milk fat production when compared with the feeding of pelleted concentrates. Key words: Dairy cattle, milk composition, textured and pelleted concentrate, VFA

Download Full-text

Feed sorting and intake affected by the physical form and composition of the total mixed ration in dairy cows

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal ◽

10.1590/s1519-99402015000300023 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 736-745

Author(s):

Félix Hilario Diaz González ◽

Diego Martínez Del Olmo ◽

Rodrigo Muiño ◽

José Luis Benedito ◽

Joaquín Hernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Dairy Farm ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Total Mixed Ration ◽

Physical Form

AbstractThis study observes the effects of manipulating the diet in its physical form and in cereal composition of the concentrate on sorting behaviour, feed intake, composition of milk, and degree of discomfort in dairy cows. In a commercial dairy farm with 360 mid-lactation Holstein cows (averaged 105 days), three treatments of feeding handling were applied sequentially during 120 days, each separated by periods of 30 days of resting: (1) Time of chopping of the total mixed ration (TMR): 15min (N= 180) and 23min (N= 180), (2) Physical form of the concentrate: meal (N= 180) and pellet (N= 180), and (3) Cereal composition in the concentrate: mix of corn, barley and wheat in traditional proportions (3.6:1:1) (N= 120), barley only (N= 120) and corn only (N= 120). Animals feeding TMR chopped for 23min selected less and consumed more ration, and had more milk protein and less discomfort than cows feeding TMR chopped for 15min. The physical form of the concentrate, meal or pellet, did not affect feed sorting, but the meal form resulted in greater feed intake and milk fat percentage. The type of cereal in the concentrate did not affect feed sorting but affected feed intake, milk yield and milk composition. In conclusion, it is recommended using TMR chopped during 23min instead of 15min and using the traditional mix of cereals in the concentrate (corn, barn and wheat) instead of using only one cereal.

Download Full-text

Machine milking ability and milk composition of some imported dairy goat breeds and some crosses in Greece

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/4220-cjas ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 50 (No. 9) ◽

pp. 394-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Katanos ◽

B. Skapetas ◽

V. Laga

Keyword(s):

Random Sample ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Dairy Goat ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Protein Percentage ◽

Machine Milking ◽

Lactation Stage

A random sample of 40 goats was used to study the partitioning, yield and composition of milk: 8 of Saanen breed (S), 8 of Damascus breed (D), 8 crossbreds Saanen × Local Greek goat (S × L), 8 backcrosses Saanen × Local Greek goat {(S × L) × S} and 8 crossbreds Saanen × Alpine (S × A). Four dams of each genotype were of the first and four of the second parity. Goats were milked twice daily (8:00, 18:00 h) in a 1 × 12 side by side milking parlour with 6 milking units. Milk yield and milk fractions (machine milk, machine stripped milk and hand stripped milk) were recorded twice daily each 14 days (from 7th–8th to 29th week of lactation). Milk composition was examined once a month separately for morning and afternoon samples. The ponderable mean was used for the calculation of milk fat, protein and lactose percentage. The results of the experiment showed that milk partitioning in purebred and crossbred goats ranged on satisfactory levels (machine milk – MM: morning 69.8–81.6%, afternoon 66.2–77.4%; machine stripping milk – MSM: morning 12.2–19.3%, afternoon 19.2–23.4%; hand stripping milk – HSM: morning 6.1–10.9%, afternoon 5.4–11.9%; total machine milk – TMM: morning 89–94.6%, afternoon 88–94.6%). The effect of breed (crossbred) was found to be significant for all milk fractions (ml and %, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). The effect of parity was significant except for MSM (%) and HSM (%). The effect of lactation stage (control day) and the animals was also found to be significant (P < 0.001). The fat percentage of S, D, S × L, S × A and (S × L) × L was 3.82, 5.1, 4.8, 3.88 and 3.95%, respectively (P < 0.001). Protein percentage ranged from 3.1 to 3.6% in the different genotypes (P< 0.001) while lactose percentage was from 4.51 to 4.66%. In conclusion it may be said that imported dairy goat breeds and different crosses with local Greek breed are characterized by good milkability. So the best technique of machine milking is the “routine” milking without applying hand stripping.

Download Full-text

The effect of varying ratios of roughage to concentrates on composition and yield of cow's milk

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900019415 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 295-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. Gordin ◽

R. Volcani ◽

Yehudith Birk

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

High Energy ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Protein Percentage ◽

Total Solids ◽

Friesian Cows

SummaryTWO levels of roughage, 3 FU (feed units) and 5 FU daily, were fed to Israeli?–Friesian cows and heifers receiving either a normal (Normal) or a high-energy (High) diet.Milk yield and composition were examined for 12 weeks following parturition. The animals receiving 5 FU of roughage daily showed a higher milk yield during the first 8 weeks. With the Normal diet the amount of roughage had no effect on milk composition. With the High diet, milk yield was higher than with the Normal, and a depression in fat percentage was observed in the milk of cows and heifers receiving 3 FU daily. No corresponding fall in milk protein percentage was observed – the cows of this group (High-3 FU roughage) showing, in fact, a rise in protein percentage. No differences in milk total solids were found. With these high-energy low-roughage diets no correlation was apparent between milk fat and protein percentages.

Download Full-text

Effect of season, genotype and lactation on milk yield and composition of local and crossbred dairy cows reared under different feed base region

Bangladesh Journal of Livestock Research ◽

10.3329/bjlr.v19i1-2.26427 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (1-2) ◽

pp. 50-65

Author(s):

MA Baset ◽

KS Huque ◽

NR Sarker ◽

MM Hossain ◽

MN Islam

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Block Design ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Base Region ◽

Total Solids ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Daily Milk Yield ◽

Daily Milk

A total of 160 cows, 10 cows in each of native (local cow) and crossbred (local × Holstein Friesian) origins differing in lactation were used in 2×2×2×2 factorial experiment using Randomized Block Design (RBD) to evaluate milk yield and composition of cows considering regions (good & poor feed base region), seasons (dry: Nov.Feb. 2009 & wet: Jun.Oct. 2009), genotypes and lactation. A good and/or poor feed base region was classified based on the availability of quantity and quality roughages throughout the year. The study revealed that the daily milk yield and 4% FCM of cows under good feed base condition were 6.76 and 6.49 kg, respectively and under poor feed base condition were 3.67 and 3.31 kg, respectively. Feed base region did not affect on milk fat and it was observed that the milk protein, lactose, solids-not-fat (SNF), minerals and total solids under good feed base condition were 37.9, 54.9, 100.9, 6.3 and 140.6 g/kg, respectively, whereas, under poor feed base condition the values were 36.3, 52.9, 98.0, 6.1 and 135.2 g/kg, respectively. Season did not affect milk yield and composition except minerals (6.5 g/kg vs. 5.9 g/kg). Genotypes significantly (p?0.01) influenced daily milk yield, the milk protein and minerals. Lactation did not affect milk yield and the milk protein, but influenced the fat, lactose, SNF, minerals and total solids. The interaction of feed base regions and seasons significantly (p?0.01) influenced milk yield and the milk fat and SNF. The milk protein and lactose was influenced by the interaction of feed bases region, seasons and lactation. Milk yield negatively correlated with fat per cent. The percentage of fat significantly (p?0.01) correlated with protein, lactose, SNF, and minerals %. The percentage protein correlated with lactose, SNF and minerals. Lactose % significantly (p?0.01) correlated with SNF%. It may be concluded that milk yield and composition depends on feed base region, genotype and lactation of cows. Season did not influence milk yield and the composition. Milk yield negatively correlated with the percentage of fat, protein, lactose, SNF and milk composition strongly correlated with each other.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 50-65, Jan-Dec 2012

Download Full-text

ESTIMATION OF SIMMENTAL COWS FOR MACHINE MILKING SUITABILITY

Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy ◽

10.18286/1816-4501-2021-1-137-142 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 212 ◽

pp. 137-142

Author(s):

E.I. Anisimova ◽

◽

P.S. Katmakov ◽

A.V. Bushov ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Fat Content ◽

Agricultural Cooperative ◽

Machine Milking ◽

Milk Flow ◽

Daily Milk Yield

The paper presents results of studies on evaluating Simmental cows for machine milking suitability. It was found that 78.7% of cows had a bowl-shaped udder, round - 14.7% and goat - 6.6% of cows at ‘agricultural production cooperative “COMBINE”. Bowl-shaped cows are more productive. Their milk yield was 4724 kg for 305 days of lactation with a fat content of 3.97% and a protein content of 3.30%. Their udder index was 47.7%. As for cows with a rounded udder shape, milk yield per lactation was 4246 kg with fat and protein content of 4.08 and 3.26% , respectively, and an udder index of 46.1%. Cows with a goat udder shape were characterized by low milk yield (3181 kg) and the worst parametres of milk fat content (3.88%), milk protein (3.20%) and udder index (2.2%). Approximately the same pattern is observed in the herd of the agricultural cooperative “Abodimovskiy” with slightly worse parametres of cow productivity. The intensity of milk production of cows of agricultural production cooperative “Abodimovsiy” with a bowl-shaped udder was 1.42, round - 1.35 and goat - 1.18 kg / min. Cows with a rounded udder shape had higher milk flow rate, which was equal to 1.65 kg / min, with a bowl-shaped one - 1.24 and with a goat udder shape- 1.09 kg / min in agricultural production cooperative “Combine”. No relation was found between udder index and milk composition. There is also no conjugation between the intensity of milk flow and fat and protein content for udder quarters and for the udder as a whole, whereas a positive correlation was found between the intensity of milk flow and daily milk yield.

Download Full-text

Accuracy of alternative methods of estimating weekly yields of milk fat and protein

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9840464 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 24 (127) ◽

pp. 464 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T Clarke ◽

A McGowan

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Sampling Frequency ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Stage Of Lactation ◽

Fat Yield ◽

Daily Milk Yield ◽

Daily Milk

Thirty-four procedures were used to estimate the weekly yields of milk, milk fat and milk protein of 19 grazing cows on five occasions between the third and eighth months of lactation. The standard deviation of daily milk yield, fat and protein percentage of individual cows averaged 1 .3 litres, 0.58% fat and 0 - 10% protein, respectively. The four factors involved were: sampling frequency, sampling distribution, basis of compositing subsamples for compositional analyses, and the use of total weekly yields or milk yields on day(s) of sampling, for estimating yields of fat and protein. There were no substantial interactions between the 34 procedures and stage of lactation. The average difference between the estimate of weekly milk yield from any one day's yield and the true weekly milk yield (accuracy) was 7.2 litres/week. The equivalent values for fat and protein yields were 0.59 and 0.22 kg/week. When sampling frequency and measurement of milk yield was increased from one to six days per week, the accuracy of the weekly estimate of milk yield (MY) improved by 5.7 litres/week and that of fat yield (FY) by 0.49 kg/week. If total weekly milk yield was used to estimate fat yield, instead of using milk yield on days of testing only, the improvement in accuracy ranged from 0. 15 to 0.03 kg/week for one and six samplings, respectively. Two equally spaced sampling days gave a marginally better (0.74 litres/week) estimate of milk yield than two consecutive days but a marginally poorer (0.10 kg/week) estimate of fat yield. Yield weighting of subsamples for fat or protein analyses did not improve the estimate of fat yield. As the day to day variation in level of protein in the milk was low, frequency and method of sampling for protein analysis was not important but the accuracy of estimating milk yield had a large effect on estimated weekly protein yield.

Download Full-text

The comparison of the lactation and milk yield and composition of selected breeds of sheep and goats

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.2527/tas2017.0056 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 498-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

M. M. Ferro ◽

L. O. Tedeschi ◽

A. S. Atzori

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Energy Content ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Random Coefficients ◽

Total Solids ◽

Sheep Breeds ◽

The World

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the milk yield (MY) and milk composition of relevant sheep and goat breeds raised around the world to be used with nutrition models for diet formulation and nutrient balancing. A 2-step approach was used. First, a database developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization was used to identify relevant breeds (i.e., frequently raised) by comparing the occurrence of transboundary breed names across countries. We selected transboundary breeds that occurred more than 3 times and other relevant breeds obtained from the specialized literature that had milk production information (e.g., MY, days in milk, and milk fat, protein, and lactose). The majority of sheep breeds were classified as nondairy (76%) because they lacked milk production information. Karakul and Merino accounted for up to 2.4% of sheep breeds raised around the world, whereas the other individual breeds accounted for less than 1%. In contrast, nondairy breeds of goats accounted for 46.3% and of the remaining 53.7%, Saanen, Boer, Anglo-Nubian, Toggenburg, and Alpine accounted for 6.5, 5, 4.4, 4, and 3%, respectively, of the transboundary breeds. Second, a database compiled from published studies for the selected sheep (n = 65) and goats (n = 78) breeds were analyzed using a random coefficients model (studies and treatments within studies as random effects). For sheep breeds, the average and SD were 1.1 ± 0.3 kg/d for MY, 6.9 ± 1% for milk fat, 5.4 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 5 ± 0.3% for milk lactose, 17.7 ± 1.4% for milk total solids, and 1,073 ± 91 kcal/kg of milk energy. Lacaune had the greatest MY compared to Comisana and Tsigai (1.65 versus 0.83 and 0.62 kg/d; respectively, P < 0.05), but milk components were not different among breeds. For goats breeds, the average and SD across breeds were 1.7 ± 0.6 kg/d for MY, 4.2 ± 0.9% for milk fat, 3.3 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 4.4 ± 0.4% for milk lactose, 12.7 ± 1.1% for milk total solids, and 750 ± 75 kcal/kg of milk energy. Alpine had similar MY to Saanen (2.66 versus 2.55 kg/d, respectively; P > 0.05), but greater (P < 0.05) than other breeds. The Boer breed had the greatest milk fat, protein, lactose, and total solids than several other breeds, leading to the greatest milk energy content (907 kcal/kg). Because there are many factors that can alter MY and milk composition, averages provided in this study serve as guidelines, and nutritionists must obtain observed values when using nutrition models.

Download Full-text

Replacing conventional with brown midrib corn silage in a total mixed ration: the impact on early and late lactation dairy cow intake, milk yield and composition, and milk fatty acids profile

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an14030 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 1136 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. A. Genero ◽

C. A. Cangiano ◽

J. P. Raimondi ◽

J. M. Roig ◽

G. A. Gagliostro

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Brown Midrib ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Milk Fatty Acids ◽

Total Mixed Ration ◽

Stage Of Lactation ◽

The Impact

Brown midrib corn silage (BMRS) is used as an alternative to conventional corn silage (CS) to increase milk yield because of its higher neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD) and DM intake (DMI). Forty Holstein dairy cows were used in a completely randomised design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Two groups of 13 cows in early lactation (EL) and 7 in late lactation (LL) were fed with a total mixed ration including brown midrib (BMR) or conventional corn silage (C), for a period of 42 days. The cows were milked twice a day, milk yield and DMI were recorded, and NDFD was estimated. Milk composition was measured twice a week and milk fatty acid profile was quantified on the final week of the experiment. In EL, BMR diet increased DMI, NDFD, milk and protein yield whereas milk fat content and yield were decreased. Concentrations of trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 in milk were higher in BMR. In LL cows DMI was similar between BMR and C whereas milk and fat yields tended to be higher in C. Fat-corrected milk yield was greater in the C diet. The effect of the BMRS on DMI and milk yield depended on stage of lactation, justifying its use in early lactation. The lower milk fat concentration, observed when BMRS was included in the diets, could be explained in part by an increased concentration of trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 C18:2.

Download Full-text

Correlations between the number of somatic cells and qualitative and quantitative parameters of milk depending on the stage of lactation of cows from the Bulgarian black and White breed

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah1103969i ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 969-974

Author(s):

T. Ivanova ◽

V. Gaidarska ◽

Ts. Harizanova

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Total Protein ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Somatic Cells ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Black And White ◽

Quantitative Parameters ◽

Stage Of Lactation ◽

White Breed

The study was conducted to establish correlations between the number of somatic cells and quantitative and qualitative parameters in the milk of cows from the Bulgarian Black and White breed. 819 numbers of individual milk samples were tested. The controls were conducted in spring-summer period (April - September) of 2009. The controlled parameters were milk fat (%), total protein (%), somatic cell count (number / ml), milk fat (kg) and milk protein (kg). Distribution in groups: depending on the stage of lactation - up to the 120th day of the lactation (n = 292) and after the 120th day (n = 527) and according to the level of somatic cells in milk- up to 400000 somatic cells / ml, from 400000 to 500000 somatic cells/ml and more than 500000 somatic cells/ml. Relationship between the studied parameters is represented by the values of linear correlation. The results show that there are from moderate to high positive correlations between the amount of milk yield per day of quantitative parameters milk fat and milk protein per day for the three levels of somatic cells. Correlation coefficients between the amount of milk yield per day and quality parameters - % milk fat and % of total protein per day for the three levels of somatic cells were negative and moderate. The relationship between the number of somatic cells in milk and quantitative and qualitative parameters is low.

Download Full-text