GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF BONE IN DOUBLE MUSCLED AND NORMAL CATTLE

Eighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic (SY) and 18 Hereford (HE) bulls, serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg liveweight, were used to determine the influence of 'double muscling' and maturity type on bone growth patterns and distribution. Relative to total side bone (TSB), breed types tended to have similar growth coefficients for all bones or bone groups except the vertebral column where HE tended to have a higher growth coefficient than either SY or DM. As TSB increased the proportion of bone in scapula, costae, vertebrae lumbales and os coxae increased (b > 1; P < 0.05), the proportion of bone in humerus, radius et ulna, tibia, carpus and atlas decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05) and the proportion of bones in vertebrae cervicales with atlas, vertebrae thoracicae, sternum and femur remained relatively constant (b = 1; P > 0.05). The appendicular skeleton followed an increasing disto-proximal growth gradient, whereas the vertebrae followed an increasing cranio-caudal gradient. Compared with the more normal breed types, adjusted to the same TSB, DM had proportionately less bone weight in the proximal hindlimb and total long bones, but they had proportionately more bone weight in costae and sternum. The hypodevelopment of bones in the muscular hypertrophied animals followed a disto-proximal gradient which was most pronounced in the proximal pelvic limb. Key words: Cattle, bone growth, bone distribution, double muscling

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GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCLE IN DOUBLE MUSCLED AND NORMAL CATTLE

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas85-037 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 307-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

KARIMA A. SHAHIN ◽

R. T. BERG

Keyword(s):

Distal Part ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Spinal Column ◽

Proximal Part ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Growth Coefficient ◽

Maturity Type ◽

Muscle Groups ◽

Intrinsic Muscles ◽

Similar Growth

Eighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic (SY) and 18 Hereford (HE) bulls, serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg liveweight, were used to determine the influence of maturity type and "double muscling" upon muscle growth patterns and distribution. The left side of each carcass was dissected into major carcass tissues and the weights of individual muscles were obtained and grouped into nine standard anatomical groups. Relative to total side msucle (TSM), breed types tended to have similar growth coefficients for all muscle groups except muscles surrounding the spinal column where HE tended to have a higher growth coefficient than either DM or SY. As TSM increased, the proportion of muscle found in proximal hindlimb, distal hindlimb and distal forelimb decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05), the proportion of muscle in abdominal wall and proximal forelimb remained relatively constant (b = 1; P > 0.05) and the proportion of muscle in thorax to forelimb, neck to forelimb and intrinsic muscles of neck and thorax increased (b > 1; P < 0.05). At the same TSM, compared with the other breed types, DM tended to have more of their muscle in the hip and stifle region but less in the distal parts of both limbs and in neck and thorax. The hyperdevelopment of the large superficial muscles of the proximal part (thigh) and the hypodevelopment of the distal part in the hindlimb give the DM animal the typical 'bottle thigh' appearance. Key words: Bulls (young), muscle growth, muscle distribution, Double Muscled, cattle

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Similar life history traits in bull (Carcharhinus leucas) and pig-eye (C. amboinensis) sharks

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf10271 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 62 (7) ◽

pp. 850 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Bree J. Tillett ◽

Mark G. Meekan ◽

Iain C. Field ◽

Quan Hua ◽

Corey J. A. Bradshaw

Keyword(s):

Life History Traits ◽

Slow Growth ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Model Averaging ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Age And Growth ◽

Growth Coefficient ◽

Carcharhinus Leucas ◽

Over Exploitation ◽

Similar Growth

Appropriate management strategies for coastal regions require an understanding of how ecological similarities and differences among species shape ecosystem processes. Here, we tested whether morphological similarity equated to similar age and growth patterns in two common coastal sharks in northern Australia. Vertebrae of 199 pig-eye (Carcharhinus amboinensis) and 94 bull (C. leucas) sharks were sourced principally from commercial fisheries operating along the Northern Territory coastline during 2007–2009. We sectioned vertebrae to provide estimates of age of these animals. Model averaging results indicated female pig-eye sharks matured at 13 years and lived >30 years. Theoretical asymptotic length (L∞) (±s.e.) was estimated to be 2672 (±11.94) mm with a growth coefficient (k) of 0.145 year–1. Male pig-eye sharks matured slightly earlier than females (12 years) and survived >26 years. Theoretical asymptotic length for males (L∞) (±s.e.) was also smaller (2540 ± 13.056) mm and they grew faster (k = 0.161 year–1) than females. Bull sharks matured at 9.5 years and reached a maximum theoretical size (L∞) (±s.e.) of 3119 mm (±9.803) with a similar growth coefficient (k = 0.158 year–1) to pig-eye sharks. Longevity of bull sharks was estimated to be more than 27 years. Our results indicate that these patterns of high longevity and slow growth are indicative of low resilience and high susceptibility to over-exploitation of these coastal sharks.

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Axial homeosis and appendicular skeleton defects in mice with a targeted disruption of hoxd-11

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.120.8.2187 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 120 (8) ◽

pp. 2187-2198 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

A.P. Davis ◽

M.R. Capecchi

Keyword(s):

Male Infertility ◽

Gene Targeting ◽

Vertebral Column ◽

Hox Genes ◽

Incomplete Penetrance ◽

Appendicular Skeleton ◽

Long Bones ◽

Paralogous Gene ◽

Targeted Disruption ◽

Limb Deformities

Using gene targeting, we have created mice with a disruption in the homeobox-containing gene hoxd-11. Homozygous mutants are viable and the only outwardly apparent abnormality is male infertility. Skeletons of mutant mice show a homeotic transformation that repatterns the sacrum such that each vertebra adopts the structure of the next most anterior vertebra. Defects are also seen in the bones of the limb, including regional malformations at the distal end of the forelimb affecting the length and structure of phalanges and metacarpals, inappropriate fusions between wrist bones, and defects at the most distal end in the long bones of the radius and ulna. The phenotypes show both incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. In contrast to the defects observed in the vertebral column, the phenotypes in the appendicular skeleton do not resemble homeotic transformations, but rather regional malformations in the shapes, length and segmentation of bones. Our results are discussed in the context of two other recent gene targeting studies involving the paralogous gene hoxa-11 and another member of the Hox D locus, hoxd-13. The position of these limb deformities reflects the temporal and structural colinearity of the Hox genes, such that inactivation of 3′ genes has a more proximal phenotypic boundary (affecting both the zeugopod and autopod of the limb) than that of the more 5′ genes (affecting only the autopod). Taken together, these observations suggest an important role for Hox genes in controlling localized growth of those cells that contribute to forming the appendicular skeleton.

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Intraskeletal bone growth patterns in the North Island Brown Kiwi ( Apteryx mantelli ): Growth mark discrepancy and implications for extinct taxa

Journal of Anatomy ◽

10.1111/joa.13503 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christian T. Heck ◽

Holly N. Woodward

Keyword(s):

Bone Growth ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Growth Mark ◽

The North

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On the appendicular skeleton of the primates

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rspl.1866.0074 ◽

1867 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 320-321

Keyword(s):

Relative Size ◽

Relative Length ◽

Appendicular Skeleton ◽

Pelvic Limb ◽

The Absolute

The author began by mentioning the principal variations found in the order Primates, as to the absolute and relative length of the pectoral limb with and without the manus; and then taking each bone separately, described the modifications undergone by each in all the genera of the order; as also the relative size of the segments and bones of the limb compared to each other and to the spine. The pelvic limb was then similarly treated of, and, in addition, its segments and bones were compared with the homo-typal segments and bones of the pectoral limb. The author after this reconsidered the question as to the use of the terms “hand” and “foot,” and the applicability of the term “Quadru-manous” to Apes and Lemuroids.

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Longitudinal bone growth in vitro: effects of insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1240602 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 124 (5) ◽

pp. 602-607 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Ben A. A. Scheven ◽

Nicola J. Hamilton

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Long Bone ◽

Long Bones ◽

Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽

Serum Free ◽

Factor I ◽

Igf I

Abstract. Longitudinal growth was studied using an in vitro model system of intact rat long bones. Metatarsal bones from 18- and 19-day-old rat fetuses, entirely (18 days) or mainly (19 days) composed of chondrocytes, showed a steady rate of growth and radiolabelled thymidine incorporation for at least 7 days in serum-free media. Addition of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I to the culture media resulted in a direct stimulation of the longitudinal growth. Recombinant human growth hormone was also able to stimulate bone growth, although this was generally accomplished after a time lag of more than 2 days. A monoclonal antibody to IGF-I abolished both the IGF-I and GH-stimulated growth. However, the antibody had no effect on the growth of the bone explants in control, serum-free medium. Unlike the fetal long bones, bones from 2-day-old neonatal rats were arrested in their growth after 1-2 days in vitro. The neonatal bones responded to IGF-I and GH in a similar fashion as the fetal bones. Thus in this study in vitro evidence of a direct effect of GH on long bone growth via stimulating local production of IGF by the growth plate chondrocytes is presented. Furthermore, endogenous growth factors, others than IGFs, appear to play a crucial role in the regulation of fetal long bone growth.

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Exposure to the RXR agonist SR11237 in early life causes disturbed skeletal morphogenesis in a rat model

10.1101/774851 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Holly Dupuis ◽

Michael Andrew Pest ◽

Ermina Hadzic ◽

Thin Xuan Vo ◽

Daniel B. Hardy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Plate ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Long Bone ◽

Tunel Staining ◽

Long Bones ◽

Micro Computed Tomography ◽

Computed Tomography Scanning ◽

Calcified Tissue ◽

Trap Staining ◽

Tomography Scanning

AbstractLongitudinal bone growth occurs through endochondral ossification (EO), controlled by various signaling molecules. Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) is a nuclear receptor with important roles in cell death, development, and metabolism. However, little is known about its role in EO. In this study, the agonist SR11237 was used to evaluate RXR activation on EO.Rats given SR11237 from post-natal day 5 to 15 were harvested for micro-computed tomography scanning and histology. In parallel, newborn CD1 mouse tibiae were cultured with increasing concentrations of SR11237 for histological and whole mount evaluation.RXR agonist-treated rats were smaller than controls, and developed dysmorphia of the growth plate. Cells invading the calcified and dysmorphic growth plate appeared pre-hypertrophic in size and shape corresponding with P57 immunostaining. Additionally, SOX9 positive cells were found surrounding the calcified tissue. The epiphysis of SR11237 treated bones showed increased TRAP staining, and additional TUNEL staining at the osteo-chondral junction. MicroCT revealed morphological disorganization in the long bones of treated animals. Isolated mouse long bones treated with SR11237 grew significantly less than their DMSO controls.This study demonstrates that stimulation of the RXR receptor causes irregular ossification, premature closure of the growth plate, and disrupted long bone growth in rodent models.

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A skeletochronological estimate of age and growth in a large riparian frog from Madagascar (Anura, Mantellidae, Mantidactylus)

Herpetozoa ◽

10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e35576 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 39-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fabio M. Guarino ◽

Angelica Crottini ◽

Marcello Mezzasalma ◽

Jasmin E. Randrianirina ◽

Franco Andreone

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Size ◽

Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽

The Body ◽

Age And Growth ◽

Growth Trajectories ◽

Growth Coefficient ◽

Size Dimorphism ◽

Adult Females ◽

Similar Growth

We characterized the body size (as snout-vent length), age, sexual size dimorphism, and growth rate in a population of one of the larger riparian frog from Madagascar (Mantidactylusgrandidieri) from a rainforest patch close to Vevembe, SE Madagascar. We identified a significant female-biased sexual size dimorphism. Age was estimated using phalangeal skeletochronology and was significantly higher in females than in males. Modal age class turned out to be 4 years in both sexes but a large percentage of adult females (75%) fell in the 5–6 years-old classes, while no male exceeded 4 years. We here report M.grandidieri as a medium-long-lived anuran species. Von Bertalanffy’s model showed similar growth trajectories between the sexes although the growth coefficient in females (k = 0.335) was slightly but not significantly higher than in males (k = 0.329).

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Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Growth of Nestling American Kestrels

The Condor ◽

10.1093/condor/102.2.461 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 102 (2) ◽

pp. 461-465 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kimberly J. Fernie ◽

David M. Bird

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Electromagnetic Fields ◽

Transmission Lines ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Laboratory Setting ◽

Male And Female ◽

Maximal Weight ◽

American Kestrels ◽

In The Wild

AbstractWe studied nestling American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) in a laboratory setting to determine whether exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) affected their growth. Captive nestlings were raised by their parents under control or EMF conditions similar to those occurring near transmission lines in the wild. Nestlings also were exposed to EMFs as embryos when incubated by their parents. Measurements of body mass, and lengths of tarsi, antebrachia, and feathers were taken every three days after hatching. EMF exposure affected the growth of female and male nestlings. EMF nestlings and fledglings were heavier and had longer tarsi. The periods of maximal weight gain and antebrachial growth were delayed in EMF males compared to controls, although EMF males were heavier and had similarly long antebrachia to controls by 21 days of age. Growth of ninth primaries and central rectrices of nestlings were unaffected by EMF exposure. Growth patterns of male and female kestrel nestlings were similar to those previously reported for this species, although the periods of maximal weight gain and bone growth did not occur earlier in EMF males than females as it did in controls.

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