The effect of hard water, spray solution storage time, and ammonium sulfate on glyphosate efficacy and yield of glyphosate-resistant corn

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 1401-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Mahoney ◽  
R. E. Nurse ◽  
P. H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Spray Solution

Mahoney, K. J., Nurse, R. E. and Sikkema, P. H. 2014. The effect of hard water, spray solution storage time, and ammonium sulfate on glyphosate efficacy and yield of glyphosate-resistant corn. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1401–1405. Effects of ammonium sulfate (AMS) on reduced glyphosate rates are well documented; however, these rates are not used by farmers. Studies in 2011 and 2012 determined the effects of AMS and hard water on glyphosate applied at a field rate. AMS (0 or 2.5 L ha−1) and glyphosate (900 g a.e. ha−1) were added to distilled or hard water carriers. Glyphosate plus AMS, in either distilled or hard water, did not usually affect velvetleaf, pigweed species, common ragweed, common lambsquarters and large crabgrass above-ground biomass and density 8 wk after treatment (WAT); however, velvetleaf biomass was reduced with the addition of AMS to glyphosate. Compared with the weedy control 8 WAT, glyphosate plus AMS reduced velvetleaf biomass by 93%, while treatments with no AMS reduced biomass by 77%. In distilled water, 4.8 common lambsquarters plants m−2 remained compared with 7.8 plants m−2 with glyphosate in hard water. For corn yield, an AMS×water hardness interaction was detected; however, no differences were observed among the treatment combinations and the addition of AMS to glyphosate did not affect yield. Therefore, advocating adding AMS to spray solutions containing glyphosate, especially when a labeled rate is used, should be called into question.

Weed control by 2,4-D dimethylamine depends on mixture water hardness and adjuvant inclusion but not spray solution storage time

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey P. Schortgen ◽  
Aaron J. Patton
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Hardness Level ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Water Conditioning ◽  
Acid Herbicides

AbstractHerbicides are an important tool in managing weeds in turf and agricultural production. One of the earliest selective herbicides, 2,4-D, is a weak acid herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds. Water-quality parameters, such as pH and hardness, influence the efficacy of weak acid herbicides. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate how varying water hardness level, spray solution storage time, and adjuvant inclusion affected broadleaf weed control by 2,4-D dimethylamine. The first experiment evaluated a range of water-hardness levels (from 0 to 600 mg calcium carbonate [CaCO3] L−1) on efficacy of 2,4-D dimethylamine applied at 1.60 kg ae ha−1 for dandelion and horseweed control. A second experiment evaluated dandelion control from spray solutions prepared 0, 1, 4, 24, and 72 h before application. Dandelion and horseweed control by 2,4-D dimethylamine was reduced when the CaCO3 level in water was at least 422 or at least 390 mg L−1, respectively. Hard-water antagonism was overcome by the addition of 20 g L−1 ammonium sulfate (AMS) into the mixture. When AMS was included in spray mixtures, no differences were observed at 600 mg CaCO3 L−1, compared with distilled water. Spray solution storage time did not influence dandelion control, regardless of water-hardness level or adjuvant inclusion. To prevent antagonism, applicators should use a water-conditioning agent such as AMS when applying 2,4-D dimethylamine in hard water.

Effect of Carrier Water Hardness and Ammonium Sulfate on Efficacy of 2,4-D Choline and Premixed 2,4-D Choline Plus Glyphosate

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 878-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap Devkota ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hardness Level ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Giant Ragweed

Spray water quality is an important consideration for optimizing herbicide efficacy. Hard water cations in the carrier water can reduce herbicide performance. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of hard water cations and the use of ammonium sulfate (AMS) on the efficacy of 2,4-D choline and premixed 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate for giant ragweed, horseweed, and Palmer amaranth control. Carrier water hardness was established at 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, or 1,000 mg L−1using CaCl2and MgSO4, and each hardness level consisted of without or with AMS at 10.2 g L−1. One-third of the proposed use rates of 2,4-D choline at 280 g ae ha−1and 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate at 266 plus 283 g ae ha−1, respectively, were applied in the study. An increase in carrier water hardness showed a linear trend for reducing 2,4-D choline and 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate efficacy on all weed species evaluated in both studies. The increase in water hardness level reduced giant ragweed control with 2,4-D choline and the premix formulation of 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate to a greater extent without AMS than it did with AMS in the spray solution. Increases in water hardness from 0 to 1,000 mg L−1reduced weed control 20% or greater with 2,4-D choline. Likewise, the efficacy of the premixed 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate was reduced 21% or greater with increased water hardness from 0 to 1,000 mg L−1. The addition of AMS improved giant ragweed, horseweed, and Palmer amaranth control ≥ 17% and ≥ 10% for 2,4-D choline and 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate application, respectively. The biomass of all weed species was reduced by ≥ 8% and ≥ 5% with 2,4-D choline and 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate application, respectively, when AMS was added to hard water.

The Effect of Cations and Ammonium Sulfate on the Efficacy of Dicamba and 2,4-D

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared M. Roskamp ◽  
Gurinderbir S. Chahal ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Weak Acids ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

Dicamba or 2,4-D will be used POST for the control of weeds in soybean when dicamba- or 2,4-D-resistant soybean are commercialized. The active ingredients of both herbicides are weak acids in solution and may bind to cations present from hard water used as herbicide carrier or from foliar fertilizers added to spray solutions. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine if the efficacy of dicamba or 2,4-D are influenced by divalent cations, namely calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), in the spray solution, and (2) to determine if adding ammonium sulfate (AMS) to the spray solution can overcome antagonism. The factorial study included five cation solutions (deionized water [dH2O], Ca at 590 mg L−1, Mg at 630 mg L−1, Mn at 4.97 L ha−1, and Zn at 2.33 L ha−1), two herbicide treatments (dicamba or 2,4-D), and two water conditioner treatments (without or with AMS at 20.37 g L−1). Treatments were applied to common lambsquarters, horseweed, and redroot pigweed. Control of horseweed and redroot pigweed increased when AMS was added to the 2,4-D treatments, irrespective of cation solution. Control of common lambsquarters was increased when AMS was added to 2,4-D for only the Ca and Mn cation solution. In contrast to the results obtained with 2,4-D, control of horseweed with dicamba was not influenced by cation solution. Tank-mixing AMS with dicamba increased control of both redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters in the dH2O, Mg, and Mn solutions.

The Basis for the Hard-Water Antagonism of Glyphosate Activity

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt D. Thelen ◽  
Evelyn P. Jackson ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Calcium Antagonism ◽  
Chemical Effects ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Type Complex ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

Hard-water cations, such as Ca+2and Mg+2, present in the spray solution can greatly reduce the efficacy of glyphosate. These cations potentially compete with the isopropylamine in the formulation for association with the glyphosate anion.14C-Glyphosate absorption by sunflower was reduced in the presence of Ca+2. The addition of ammonium sulfate overcame the observed decrease in14C-glyphosate absorption. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was used to study the chemical effects of calcium and calcium plus ammonium sulfate (AMS) on the glyphosate molecule. Data indicate an association of calcium with both the carboxyl and phosphonate groups on the glyphosate molecule. Initially, a random association of the compounds occurred; however, the reaction progressed to yield a more structured, chelate type complex over time. NH4+from AMS effectively competed with calcium for complexation sites on the glyphosate molecule. Data suggest that the observed calcium antagonism of glyphosate and AMS reversal of the antagonism are chemically based.

Efficacy of dicamba and glyphosate as influenced by carrier water pH and hardness

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Pratap Devkota ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Water Ph

AbstractHerbicide carrier water hardness and pH can be variable depending on the source and geographic location. Herbicide efficacy can be affected by the pH and hardness of water used for spray solution. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of carrier water pH and hardness on premixed dicamba and glyphosate efficacy. Treatments were combinations of water pH at 4, 6.5, or 9; and water hardness at 0 (deionized water), 400, or 800 mg L−1 of CaCO3 equivalent. In the field study, dicamba and glyphosate were applied at 0.55 and 1.11 kg ae ha−1, respectively, and half of these rates were applied in the greenhouse study. There was no interaction between carrier water pH and hardness on dicamba and glyphosate efficacy; however, the main effects of carrier water pH and hardness were significant. Herbicide efficacy was reduced with carrier water at pH 9 compared with pH 4. In the field study, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, horseweed, or Palmer amaranth control was improved 6% or more at carrier water at pH 4 compared with pH 9. Similar results were observed with water pH for giant ragweed, Palmer amaranth, or pitted morningglory control in the greenhouse study. Carrier water hardness at 400 or 800 mg L−1 reduced common ragweed, giant ragweed, or horseweed control compared with 0 mg L−1. Similarly, common lambsquarters, Palmer amaranth, or pitted morningglory control was reduced at least 10% with carrier water hardness at 800 mg L−1 compared with 0 mg L−1. These results indicate carrier water at acidic pH and of no hardness is critical for dicamba and glyphosate application, and spray solution needs to be amended appropriately for an optimum efficacy.

Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate on Clethodim or Quizalofop Efficacy and the Role of Ultraviolet Light

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 572-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. McMullan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Spray Solution

Research was conducted at two sites during 1991 and 1993 at Brandon, MB to determine if sodium bicarbonate antagonizes clethodim or quizalofop efficacy and if ultraviolet light is a factor in any antagonism. Sodium bicarbonate in the spray solution reduced the efficacy of clethodim. However, removal of ultraviolet light partially reversed sodium bicarbonate antagonism of clethodim activity with all adjuvants except crop oil concentrate with or without ammonium sulfate. Amigo, crop oil concentrate plus ammonium sulfate, and Merge were the most effective adjuvants for clethodim with distilled water. However, only the adjuvant crop oil concentrate plus ammonium sulfate overcame sodium bicarbonate antagonism of clethodim. Enhance increased the activity of clethodim when sodium bicarbonate was present in the spray solution but overall was not as effective an adjuvant as crop oil concentrate plus ammonium sulfate. Sodium bicarbonate in the spray solution did not reduce quizalofop efficacy.

scholarly journals Overcoming Hard Water Antagonistic to Glyphosate or Imazethapyr with Water Conditioners

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-249
Author(s):  
Akbar ALIVERDI ◽  
Ali GANBARI ◽  
Mohammad-Hassan RASHED MOHASSEL ◽  
Mehdi NASSIRI-MAHALLATI ◽  
Eskandar ZAND
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Water Conditioning ◽  
Acid Herbicides

Carrier water quality may affect the activity of weak acid herbicides when concentrations of some cations are high. A dose-response experiment on glyphosate and imazethapyr activity, which were carried by the carrier types of distilled water and hard water, against jimsonweed were conducted to compare the water conditioning chemicals ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, citric acid and potassium phosphate, with magnetized carrier as a new method. A magnetic field of 0.7 Tesla was applied to prepare the magnetized carrier. With the exception of potassium phosphate with imazethapyr, the activity of glyphosate and imazethapyr was significantly increased in the presence of the water conditioning methods when distilled water was used as the carrier. Ammonium sulfate was the most effective method. The activity of both herbicides was decreased when applied with hard water carrier. Potassium phosphate was not effective at reducing the antagonism of cations in the hard water carrier. In glyphosate, the performance of water conditioning methods in softening hard water carrier could be ranked as follows: ammonium sulfate (2.52-fold) > magnetized carrier (2.12-fold) ≥ citric acid (1.64-fold) ≥ ammonium nitrate (1.39-fold) > potassium phosphate (0.96-fold). In imazethapyr, this order was as follows: ammonium sulfate (2.99-fold) > ammonium nitrate (2.66-fold) > magnetized carrier (1.81-fold) ≥ citric acid (1.64-fold) > potassium phosphate (1.10-fold).

The Influence of Carrier Water pH and Hardness on Saflufenacil Efficacy and Solubility

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared M. Roskamp ◽  
Ronald F. Turco ◽  
Marianne Bischoff ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Water Ph

The pH and hardness of water used as agrochemical carrier can influence herbicide efficacy. The objective of this research was to determine the role of carrier water pH and hardness on saflufenacil efficacy and solubility. Saflufenacil was mixed in eight different carrier waters with one of five pH levels (4.0, 5.2, 6.5, 7.7, 9.0) or one of three hardness levels (0, 310, 620 mg L−1) and applied POST to common lambsquarters and giant ragweed in a field experiment and to field corn in a greenhouse experiment. Solubility testing was also completed on saflufenacil mixed in the five pH levels used in the field and greenhouse experiments. Water hardness did not influence the efficacy of saflufenacil on common lambsquarters, giant ragweed, or field corn. Control of giant ragweed or common lambsquarters in field experiments was reduced by up to 56% when saflufenacil was applied in water with a pH of 4.0 compared with water with a pH of 7.7. When nonsoluble saflufenacil was removed from the spray solution, saflufenacil efficacy on field corn in the greenhouse was reduced by 61% or more when applied in water with a pH of 4.0 than when applied with water with a pH of 5.2 or higher. When nonsoluble saflufenacil was applied with the soluble saflufenacil in the spray solution, at least a 7% reduction in control of field corn was observed when applied in water with pH of 4.0 as compared with saflufenacil applied in water with pH of 5.2 or higher. Solubility of saflufenacil was (1) 10.1 mg L−1in water with a pH of 4.0, (2) 3,461.4 mg L−1in water with a pH of 7.7, and (3) > 5,000 mg L−1at a pH of 9. Some degradation of parent saflufenacil was detected in the pH at 9.0 treatment, with only 90% of added product being recovered after 3 d of storage. This research provides information on how saflufenacil efficacy and solubility is influenced by carrier water pH and potentially explains some differences noticed between field applications of saflufenacil.

scholarly journals The Response of Different Weed Species to Glyphosate Using Ammonium Sulfate and Hard Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MIRZAEI ◽  
M. RASTGOO ◽  
K. HAJMOHAMMADNIA GHALIBAF ◽  
E. ZAND
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Canary Grass

ABSTRACT: Water hardness antagonism and the effect of ammonium sulphate (AMS) on efficacy of glyphosate have been well documented. However conflicting results between weed species were noted by the authors. Greenhouse experiments were conducted twice at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement and three replications during 2014-2015. Four experiments were arranged separately on cypress (Kochia scoparia), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), little seed canary grass (Phalaris minor) and winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) using ammonium sulphate and deionizad water and in the presence of different salts, (i.e. NaHCO3, CaCO3, MgCl2 and CaCl2 at 500 ppm) against three doses of glyphosate (256.25, 512.5 and 1,025 g a.i. ha-1), with and without ammonium sulphate (AMS) as adjuvant (2% w/v). The results showed the application of AMS overcomes the inhibitory effects of salts in the spray solution in tested species. The degree of effectiveness in A. retroflexus was more than A. ludoviciana and P. minor. Glyphosate with AMS caused reduction in dry matter in grasses from 0.34 to 0.28 g, while glyphosate toxicity in A. retroflexus with AMS was 100 percent and all of the plants were destroyed (0.82 to 0 g). The application of AMS in overcoming the inhibitory effects of water hardness had no effect on K. scoparia control. However, Increasing AMS could overcome the inhibitory effects of hard water in the spray solution on glyphosate efficacy in A. retroflexus and K. scoparia, but it had no effect on tested grassy weeds. We may conclude that glyphosate work differently on weed species using AMS and hard water.

Effect of ammonium sulfate and water hardness on glyphosate and glufosinate activity in corn

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1053-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Robert Nurse ◽  
Darren Robinson ◽  
Peter Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
High Water ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Better Than

Soltani, N., Nurse, R. E., Robinson, R. E. and Sikkema, P. H. 2011. Effect of ammonium sulfate and water hardness on glyphosate and glufosinate activity in corn. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 1053–1059. Eight field trials were conducted over a 3-yr period (2008 to 2010) near Harrow and Ridgetown, Ontario, to evaluate the effect of water hardness (distilled: 0 ppm; intermediate: 353 ppm; and very hard 1799 ppm) on full label doses of glyphosate (900 g a.e. ha−1) and glufosinate (400 g a.i. ha−1) [with and without ammonium sulfate (AMS) at 2.5 L ha−1] efficacy in corn. There was no effect of water hardness on control of velvetleaf (ABUTH), redroot pigweed (AMARE), common lambsquarters (CHEAL), and annual grasses green foxtail (SETVI) and barnyardgrass (ECHCG) when glyphosate was applied with or without the AMS. There was also no difference in yield of corn with various water sources when glyphosate was applied with or without AMS. Glyphosate applied with various water sources with or without AMS controlled ABUTH, AMARE, CHEAL, and annual grasses better than glufosinate with or without AMS. Glufosinate with AMS, especially at the 1799 ppm water hardness, generally controlled ABUTH, AMARE, and CHEAL better than glufosinate without AMS, but there was no improvement in annual grass control. Contrasts indicated an 11% increase in yield when glufosinate was applied with AMS compared with when applied without AMS. Based on these results water hardness and AMS had little benefit on the efficacy of glyphosate in corn; however, efficacy of glufosinate was improved when applied with AMS at high water hardness.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document