The Influence of Carrier Water pH and Hardness on Saflufenacil Efficacy and Solubility

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared M. Roskamp ◽  
Ronald F. Turco ◽  
Marianne Bischoff ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Water Ph

The pH and hardness of water used as agrochemical carrier can influence herbicide efficacy. The objective of this research was to determine the role of carrier water pH and hardness on saflufenacil efficacy and solubility. Saflufenacil was mixed in eight different carrier waters with one of five pH levels (4.0, 5.2, 6.5, 7.7, 9.0) or one of three hardness levels (0, 310, 620 mg L−1) and applied POST to common lambsquarters and giant ragweed in a field experiment and to field corn in a greenhouse experiment. Solubility testing was also completed on saflufenacil mixed in the five pH levels used in the field and greenhouse experiments. Water hardness did not influence the efficacy of saflufenacil on common lambsquarters, giant ragweed, or field corn. Control of giant ragweed or common lambsquarters in field experiments was reduced by up to 56% when saflufenacil was applied in water with a pH of 4.0 compared with water with a pH of 7.7. When nonsoluble saflufenacil was removed from the spray solution, saflufenacil efficacy on field corn in the greenhouse was reduced by 61% or more when applied in water with a pH of 4.0 than when applied with water with a pH of 5.2 or higher. When nonsoluble saflufenacil was applied with the soluble saflufenacil in the spray solution, at least a 7% reduction in control of field corn was observed when applied in water with pH of 4.0 as compared with saflufenacil applied in water with pH of 5.2 or higher. Solubility of saflufenacil was (1) 10.1 mg L−1in water with a pH of 4.0, (2) 3,461.4 mg L−1in water with a pH of 7.7, and (3) > 5,000 mg L−1at a pH of 9. Some degradation of parent saflufenacil was detected in the pH at 9.0 treatment, with only 90% of added product being recovered after 3 d of storage. This research provides information on how saflufenacil efficacy and solubility is influenced by carrier water pH and potentially explains some differences noticed between field applications of saflufenacil.

Efficacy of dicamba and glyphosate as influenced by carrier water pH and hardness

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Pratap Devkota ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Water Ph

AbstractHerbicide carrier water hardness and pH can be variable depending on the source and geographic location. Herbicide efficacy can be affected by the pH and hardness of water used for spray solution. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of carrier water pH and hardness on premixed dicamba and glyphosate efficacy. Treatments were combinations of water pH at 4, 6.5, or 9; and water hardness at 0 (deionized water), 400, or 800 mg L−1 of CaCO3 equivalent. In the field study, dicamba and glyphosate were applied at 0.55 and 1.11 kg ae ha−1, respectively, and half of these rates were applied in the greenhouse study. There was no interaction between carrier water pH and hardness on dicamba and glyphosate efficacy; however, the main effects of carrier water pH and hardness were significant. Herbicide efficacy was reduced with carrier water at pH 9 compared with pH 4. In the field study, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, horseweed, or Palmer amaranth control was improved 6% or more at carrier water at pH 4 compared with pH 9. Similar results were observed with water pH for giant ragweed, Palmer amaranth, or pitted morningglory control in the greenhouse study. Carrier water hardness at 400 or 800 mg L−1 reduced common ragweed, giant ragweed, or horseweed control compared with 0 mg L−1. Similarly, common lambsquarters, Palmer amaranth, or pitted morningglory control was reduced at least 10% with carrier water hardness at 800 mg L−1 compared with 0 mg L−1. These results indicate carrier water at acidic pH and of no hardness is critical for dicamba and glyphosate application, and spray solution needs to be amended appropriately for an optimum efficacy.

The Influence of Adjusting Spray Solution pH on the Efficacy of Saflufenacil

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared M. Roskamp ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Final Solution ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Water Ph

Saflufenacil solubility and efficacy has been shown to be influenced by carrier water pH. This research was conducted to determine if altering the pH of a solution already containing saflufenacil would influence the efficacy of the herbicide. Saflufenacil at 25 g ai ha−1was applied to field corn in carrier water with one of five initial pH levels (4.0, 5.2, 6.5, 7.7, or 9.0) and then buffered to one of four final solution pH levels (4.0, 6.5, 9.0, or none) for a total of twenty treatments. All treatments included ammonium sulfate at 20.37 g L−1and methylated seed oil at 1% v/v. Generally, saflufenacil with a final solution pH of 6.5 or higher provided more dry weight reduction of corn than saflufenacil applied in a final pH of 5.2 or lower. When applying saflufenacil in water with an initial pH of 4.0 or 5.2, efficacy was increased by raising the final solution pH to either 6.5 or 9.0. Conversely, reduction in corn dry weight was less when solution pH of saflufenacil mixed in carrier water with an initial pH of 6.5 or 7.7 was lowered to a final pH of 4.0. When co-applying saflufenacil with herbicides that are very acidic, such as glyphosate, efficacy of saflufenacil may be reduced if solution pH is 5.2 or lower.

Glufosinate Efficacy as Influenced by Carrier Water pH, Hardness, Foliar Fertilizer, and Ammonium Sulfate

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 848-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap Devkota ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Foliar Fertilizer ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Biomass Reduction

Carrier water quality is an important consideration for herbicide efficacy. Effect of carrier water pH (4, 6.5, or 9) and coapplied Zn or Mn foliar fertilizer was evaluated on glufosinate efficacy for horseweed and Palmer amaranth control in the field. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of: (1) carrier water pH, foliar fertilizer (Zn, Mn, or without fertilizer), and ammonium sulfate (AMS) (at 0 or 2.5% v/v); and (2) carrier water hardness (0 to 1,000 mg L−1) and AMS (at 0 or 2.5% v/v) on glufosinate efficacy for giant ragweed, horseweed, and Palmer amaranth control. In a 2014 field study, control, plant density reduction, and biomass reduction were at least 8% greater for horseweed and at least 14% greater for Palmer amaranth when glufosinate was applied at carrier water pH 4 compared with pH 9. Glufosinate efficacy was at least 10 and 17% greater for giant ragweed and Palmer amaranth control, respectively, with carrier water pH 4 compared with pH 9 in the greenhouse. In the greenhouse studies, coapplied Zn or Mn fertilizer had no effect on glufosinate efficacy. Increased carrier water hardness from 0 to 1,000 mg L−1negatively influenced glufosinate efficacy and resulted in 20 and 17% lesser control and biomass reduction, respectively, on giant ragweed or Palmer amaranth. Use of AMS enhanced glufosinate efficacy on giant ragweed control in both greenhouse studies, whereas only the Palmer amaranth control was enhanced in the water hardness study. Horseweed control with glufosinate as affected by carrier water pH, hardness, or AMS remained unaffected in both greenhouse studies. Carrier water at alkaline pH or hardness > 200 mg L−1has potential to reduce glufosinate efficacy. Therefore, carrier water free of hardness cations and at acidic condition (pH = 4 to 6.5) should be considered for optimum glufosinate efficacy.

Miscanthus × giganteus Response to Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric K. Anderson ◽  
Thomas B. Voigt ◽  
Germán A. Bollero ◽  
Aaron G. Hager
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Bioenergy Feedstock ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Broadleaf Species

Miscanthus is a perennial rhizomatous C4 grass being evaluated in the United States as a potential bioenergy feedstock. Weed control during the first two growing seasons is essential for successful establishment. No herbicides are currently labeled for use in Miscanthus grown for biomass, but herbicides used on field corn might be safe to Miscanthus. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the response of Miscanthus to numerous preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides. Herbicides with activity only on broadleaf species, whether PRE or POST, did not exhibit injury or reduce Miscanthus biomass. Several herbicides, particularly those with significant activity on grass species, exhibited injury ranging from 6 to 71% (scale of 0 to 100) and/or reduced Miscanthus dry mass by 33 to 78%, especially at the highest rates applied. Field experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 with a selection of the herbicides used in the greenhouse experiments to evaluate the response of Miscanthus to herbicides applied PRE, POST and PRE followed by POST. Results from the field experiments generally confirmed those from the greenhouse experiments. PRE herbicides and herbicides with broadleaf-specific activity generally did not produce significant injury or reduce aboveground biomass while herbicides with grass activity tended to cause injury ranging from 22 to 25% and/or reduce biomass by 69 to 78%. With some exceptions, results support prior suppositions that herbicides used in corn are safe to use on Miscanthus and may provide potential herbicide options that growers can use when establishing Miscanthus.

scholarly journals Common Lambsquarters Response to Glyphosate across Environments

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan C. Sivesind ◽  
John M. Gaska ◽  
Mark R. Jeschke ◽  
Chris M. Boerboom ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
And Control

We conducted a series of field experiments to determine the role of several factors that might contribute to the inconsistent control of common lambsquarters with glyphosate. Experiments in 2006 and 2007 determined common lambsquarters response to glyphosate under a wide range of measured environmental conditions. Glyphosate was applied at 0.84 kg ae ha−1plus 3.8 kg ha−1ammonium sulfate (AMS) to 10-cm-tall plants on 18 dates in each year and to 20-cm-tall plants on 18 dates in 2007. Control was less for six application dates relative to control for 48 other dates. Poor control was attributed to rainfall on one of these six dates, but for the other five dates, regression analysis did not identify any significant relationships between environmental conditions (relative humidity, temperature at time of treatment, or minimum and maximum temperature pre- and posttreatment) and control, even though a wide range of conditions occurred. To determine the effects of plant growth stage on control, glyphosate was applied at 0.1 to 3.2 kg ha−1plus 3.8 kg ha−1AMS to 10- and 20-cm-tall plants at four sites. The glyphosate ED50value (the effective dose that reduced shoot mass by 50% relative to nontreated plants) was 1.9 to 3.0 times greater for 20- than 10-cm-tall plants in three site-years, but was not affected by plant height in one site-year. We also conducted experiments to determine the effect of rainfall on glyphosate efficacy. Across years, common lambsquarters control increased from 44 to 75% as the interval between glyphosate application (0.84 kg ha−1+ 3.8 kg ha−1AMS) and simulated rainfall increased from 0.5 to 4.0 h, respectively. Our results did not identify environmental conditions that explained reduced glyphosate efficacy in all cases, but they suggest that rainfall after application and plant height can be important factors contributing to the inconsistent control of common lambsquarters.

Effect of Carrier Water Hardness and Ammonium Sulfate on Efficacy of 2,4-D Choline and Premixed 2,4-D Choline Plus Glyphosate

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 878-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap Devkota ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hardness Level ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Giant Ragweed

Spray water quality is an important consideration for optimizing herbicide efficacy. Hard water cations in the carrier water can reduce herbicide performance. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of hard water cations and the use of ammonium sulfate (AMS) on the efficacy of 2,4-D choline and premixed 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate for giant ragweed, horseweed, and Palmer amaranth control. Carrier water hardness was established at 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, or 1,000 mg L−1using CaCl2and MgSO4, and each hardness level consisted of without or with AMS at 10.2 g L−1. One-third of the proposed use rates of 2,4-D choline at 280 g ae ha−1and 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate at 266 plus 283 g ae ha−1, respectively, were applied in the study. An increase in carrier water hardness showed a linear trend for reducing 2,4-D choline and 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate efficacy on all weed species evaluated in both studies. The increase in water hardness level reduced giant ragweed control with 2,4-D choline and the premix formulation of 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate to a greater extent without AMS than it did with AMS in the spray solution. Increases in water hardness from 0 to 1,000 mg L−1reduced weed control 20% or greater with 2,4-D choline. Likewise, the efficacy of the premixed 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate was reduced 21% or greater with increased water hardness from 0 to 1,000 mg L−1. The addition of AMS improved giant ragweed, horseweed, and Palmer amaranth control ≥ 17% and ≥ 10% for 2,4-D choline and 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate application, respectively. The biomass of all weed species was reduced by ≥ 8% and ≥ 5% with 2,4-D choline and 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate application, respectively, when AMS was added to hard water.

THE ROLE OF VA MYCORRHIZAE IN THE ABSORPTION OF P AND Zn BY MAIZE IN FIELD AND GROWTH CHAMBER EXPERIMENTS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. LU ◽  
M. H. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Va Mycorrhizae ◽  
Chamber Experiment ◽  
P Absorption

Two years of field experiments and one growth chamber experiment were conducted to determine the role of VA mycorrhizae in P and Zn absorption as well as the P-Zn interaction. The pattern of development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) in the early growth stages of maize (Zea mays L.) plants in southern Ontario, Canada was investigated. The field experiments consisted of three fertility treatments, recommended phosphorus (RP), high phosphorus (HP) and HP plus zinc (HPZn). The RP and HP soils were used in the growth chamber experiment and Zn fertilizer was added to both RP and HP soils to have treatments of RP, HP, RPZn and HPZn. Benomyl was used in the second year of the field experiment and in the growth chamber experiment to reduce mycorrhizal infection. In the field experiment in 1987, 20% of the roots were colonized by VAM in the RP soil just 3 wk after sowing. At 40 d after sowing, about 50% of roots were infected. The HP treatment significantly reduced VAM infection intensity compared to the RP treatment. The addition of 40 kg Zn ha−1 to the HP soil had little effect on mycorrhizal infection intensity in either field or growth chamber experiments. However, Zn fertilization increased mycorrhizal infection in the RP treatment in the growth chamber experiment. Treatment with benomyl significantly decreased mycorrhizal infection, shoot dry weight, P concentration and P inflow in the RP soil, suggesting the fungal relationship is important for P absorption in this soil. There was no conclusive evidence that mycorrhizae are important for P absorption in the HP soil. Although HP treatment decreased VAM infection greatly in both field and growth chamber experiments, it did not affect the absorption of Zn. Benomyl did not affect the shoot Zn concentration in either field or growth chamber experiments, suggesting that mycorrhizae are not important in the absorption of Zn on this soil. Key words: VAM infection development, maize, P, Zn, benomyl

Influence of Carrier Water pH, Hardness, Foliar Fertilizer, and Ammonium Sulfate on Mesotrione Efficacy

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap Devkota ◽  
Douglas J. Spaunhorst ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Foliar Fertilizer ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Water Ph

Carrier water pH, hardness, coapplied foliar fertilizer, water conditioning agents, and plant height are critical considerations for optimum herbicide performance. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of carrier water pH (4, 6.5, and 9) and zinc (Zn) or manganese (Mn) foliar fertilizer on mesotrione for horseweed and Palmer amaranth control. Additionally, effect of carrier water pH and foliar fertilizer was evaluated on 7.5-, 12.5-, and 17.5-cm tall horseweed. Greenhouse treatments consisted of carrier water pH and foliar fertilizer (Zn, Mn, or without fertilizer); or water hardness (0 to 1,000 mg L−1) in the presence or absence of ammonium sulfate (AMS) for mesotrione control of giant ragweed, horseweed, and Palmer amaranth. Mesotrione activity was greater on horseweed with carrier water pH 6.5 compared to pH 4 or 9. Coapplied Zn fertilizer reduced mesotrione activity on Palmer amaranth in the field study in 2014 and horseweed in the greenhouse study. Mesotrione efficacy was greatly influenced by horseweed height. Percent control ranged from 96 to 99%, 75 to 89%, or 61 to 64% with mesotrione applied on 7.5-, 12.5-, or 17.5-cm tall horseweed, respectively, and results were similar for plant height and dry weight reduction. Increasing carrier water hardness from 0 to 1,000 mg L−1reduced mesotrione efficacy 28, 18, and 18% (or greater) on giant ragweed, horseweed, and Palmer amaranth, respectively. The addition of AMS enhanced mesotrione efficacy 9, 6, or 9% (or greater) for giant ragweed, horseweed, and Palmer amaranth control, respectively. Mesotrione should be applied at near neutral carrier water pH, hardness < 200 mg L−1, and with AMS for achieving optimum weed control.

Integrating vehicle tracking and routing systems in retail distribution management

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Loay Salhieh ◽  
Mohammad Shehadeh ◽  
Ismail Abushaikha ◽  
Neil Towers
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
Vehicle Tracking ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Distribution Operations

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the benefits of integrating IT tracking and routing systems into last-mile distribution operations. The paper also demonstrates the role of field experiments as a valid approach for improving the rigour of logistics research.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs a field experiment approach. Data were collected before and after the experimental treatment from 16 participating vehicles, which were used as inputs and outputs to calculate vehicles' efficiencies using data envelopment analysis.FindingsThrough employing manipulation and random assignment to investigate causality in naturally occurring contexts, the study results show statistical evidence for the role of vehicle tracking and routing systems in enhancing fleet efficiency. Furthermore, results show that field experiment is an appropriate method for capital budgeting of deploying IT systems in the distribution function.Practical implicationsDistribution managers can use a field experiment setup to assess the potential impact of installing IT solutions prior to large-scale implementation or prior to purchasing.Originality/valueThe study fills a gap in the literature through the application of a field experiment approach to establish causality relationships in distribution and logistics research. This study should encourage new research on the role of field experimentation in evaluating the benefits gained from, and the capital budgeting of, the modern disruptive technologies in supply chains.

scholarly journals Effects of spray carrier quality on biological activity of terbuthylazine + mesotrione herbicide combination

2010 ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
István Dávid ◽  
Endre Máté
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Water Ph

Field experiments were conducted to study affects of pH and hardness of spray water on efficacy of a herbicide combination (terbuthylazine + mesotrione) influenced by several pH adjusters and adjuvants in Debrecen, Hungary in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Favourable or unfavourable effects of pH and hardness of spray water could be observed under field conditions. Evaluation of weed control efficacy is suitable for examination of affects of spray water pH and hardness on herbicides. The terbuthylazine and mesotrione herbicide combination is suitable to control monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed species, however, significant effects of hardness and pH of spray carrier was observed only in control of monocotyledonous weeds. Certain pH adjusters (e.g. ammonium nitrate) can lessen harmful affects of water hardness effectively. Significant loss of efficacy of sensitive herbicide was found in hard water (by about 50-60%), and surfactants was not able to eliminate that harmful affect. However, biological activity was the same as in soft water with ammonium nitrate which can overcome the antagonism of salts. That pH adjuster had a more significant affect on the efficacy of the herbicide than the surfactant had in that experiment. 

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