INFLUENCE OF WEED CONTROL AND N FERTILIZATION AT ESTABLISHMENT ON GROWTH AND NODULATION OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
N Treatment ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Leo birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) was established on check (no weed control), handweeded, and 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB)-2,2-dichloroproprionic acid (dalapon)-treated plots with N applied at 0, 25, 50, or 100 kg/ha as NH4NO3 at the emergence of forage legume. The preceding crops were barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in locations 1 (soil OM 3.4%) and 2 (soil OM 3.8%), respectively. In the year of seeding, N. applications increased dry matter (DM) yields of birdsfoot trefoil up to 115% over zero N treatment in location 1. Similarly, the growth of weeds was increased up to 69% applied N in location 1. In location 2, applied N did not influence the growth of birdsfoot trefoil and weeds. A 2,4-DB-dalapon treatment in both locations controlled the weeds, but it also suppressed the growth of birdsfoot trefoil. The mean number of birdsfoot trefoil plants/m2 in location 1 was decreased both by N fertilization and by 2,4-DB-dalapon treatment. The growth of birdsfoot trefoil in the 2nd yr was not influenced by N fertilizer applied at establishment. Heavy weed growth in location 2 during the 1st yr resulted in low DM yields of birdsfoot trefoil the following year. Nodulation of birdsfoot trefoil was promoted in location 1 by small N applications (25 kg/ha). In location 2, nodulation was reduced by fertilizer N, as compared to zero N treatment. Treatment with 2,4-DB-dalapon caused some reduction in the nodulation of birdsfoot trefoil as compared to check or handweeded plots in location 1. It is concluded that applied N may improve the early growth of birdsfoot trefoil only where soil N level is low and almost no weeds are present.

COPPER, MOLYBDENUM AND SULFUR CONTENTS OF FORAGE CROPS AT KAPUSKASING, ONTARIO

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. LESSARD ◽  
M. HIDIROGLOU ◽  
R. B. CARSON ◽  
J. M. WAUTHY
Keyword(s):  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Each of the species birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) was grown in the field on 10 plots sampled at weekly intervals in rotation from June 13. Each plot was resampled after 6 weeks and all samples were analyzed for copper, molybdenum and sulfur. In most species, levels of Cu and Mo were highest in the early samplings and decreased with advancing maturity. Second-cut samples tended to be higher in Cu, Mo and S than first-cut samples. The S content was more uniform in the first cycle but increased considerably in the second cycle, especially in reed canarygrass. The ranges in Cu content were 7.4 to 14.1 ppm for birdsfoot trefoil and 3.7 to 11.4 ppm for the grasses. Mo ranged from 1.9 to 8.1 ppm in birdsfoot trefoil and from 1.0 to 6.5 ppm in the grasses. The overall range in S content was from 0.14 to 0.95%. The mineral composition of the crops is discussed in relation to the requirement of ruminants for these three elements.

Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and its Interaction with Temperature and Nitrogen on Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): A Meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mekides Woldegiorgis Gardi ◽  
Bettina I.G Haussmann ◽  
Waqas Ahmed Malik ◽  
Petra Högy
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
The Mean

Abstract AimsThe general aim of this meta-analysis is to synthesize and summarise the mean response of barley yield variables to elevated CO2 (eCO2) and its interaction with temperature and N fertilization. Methods The present study quantitatively synthesized the response of barley to eCO2 and its interaction with temperature, and Nitrogen (N). A meta-analysis procedure was used to analyse five yield variables of barley extracted from 76 articles to determine the effect size and the magnitude in relation to eCO2 and its interaction with temperature and N. Results CO2 enrichment increased biomass (23.8%), grain number (24.8%), grain yield (27.4%), and thousand-grain weight (5.6%). However, responses to eCO2 were affected by genotype, additional stress, and experimental conditions. In comparison, genotype “Anakin” shows the highest response of biomass (47.1%), while “Genebank accessions” had a higher grain number (46.1%) and grain yield (57.1%) under eCO2. The maximal enhancement of barley yield was observed when plants grow under a combination of eCO2 and higher nitrogen fertilizer (>100 kg ha-1). Nevertheless, biomass (-12%), and grain yield (-17%) responses were lower when eCO2 is combined with high temperature (>25 °C). It was further noted the response of barley yield to eCO2 was higher in the growth chamber than in other CO2 exposure methods. Moreover, comparing pot-rooted versus field-rooted barley plants, a higher response of biomass and grain yield was observed for pot-rooted plants. ConclusionsOverall, results suggest that the maximal barley production under eCO2 will be obtained in combination with high nitrogen fertilizer and optimal temperature (21-25 °C).

THE MINERAL CONTENT OF TIMOTHY GROWN IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARL A. WINTER ◽  
UMESH C. GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
High K ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tissue Contents ◽  
Mg Content ◽  
Phleum Pratense L ◽  
Heading Stage ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) samples from 107 sites throughout Prince Edward Island were obtained at the early heading stage and analyzed for Ca, P, K, Mg, Cu, Mo, S, Mn, Zn and Fe. The mean tissue contents of these minerals were: Ca, 0.25%; P, 0.24%; K, 2.12%; Mg, 0.10%; Cu, 4.5 ppm; Mo, 0.37 ppm; S, 0.12%; Mn, 31.1 ppm; Zn, 26.8 ppm and Fe, 30.5 ppm. When compared with the requirements of cattle and sheep Ca would be deficient for most age and production categories and the mean timothy Ca content was lower than published values. The Ca: P ratio was low at approximately 1:1. Mean Mg content of timothy was low relative to animals' requirements, which, combined with the low Ca and high K content of a number of samples, indicated there was a risk of grass tetany in grazing animals. Most trace elements were barely adequate or deficient relative to the needs of cattle and sheep. Copper, for example, at 4.5 ppm is deficient for cattle but lack of deficiency problems was attributed to correspondingly low Mo and S levels. The need for adequate Ca and P supplementation and the use of a suitable trace-mineralized salt is recommended in formulating diets for dairy cattle, beef cattle, and sheep. Key words: Timothy, forage, minerals, deficiency, cattle, sheep

INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING MANAGEMENT ON YIELD, CARBOHYDRATE RESERVES, ETIOLATED REGROWTH, AND POTASSIUM UPTAKE OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Langille ◽  
L. B. MacLeod ◽  
F. S. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Potassium Uptake ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Stage Management ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Empire and Viking birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were seeded in mixtures with Climax timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and harvested for forage according to four management systems: (1) four cuts at pre-bud stage, (2) three cuts at 10% bloom stage, (3) two cuts at 50% bloom stage, (4) two cuts at 75–100% bloom stage. Management 4 produced the most forage in both harvest years. Birdsfoot trefoil root weights were generally higher for the two-cut system than for the three- or four-cut system. Etiolated regrowth from the birdsfoot trefoil roots did not differ significantly due to management m either year. The percent total available carbohydrates did not vary significantly between varieties under the different management systems. Frequent harvesting reduced the forage production of birdsfoot trefoil and the amount of K removed from the soil by the plants.

Leaf and stem nutritive value of timothy genotypes under varying N fertilization

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1101-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bélanger ◽  
A. Brégard ◽  
R. Michaud ◽  
G. F. Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Populations and half-sib families of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), contrasting in forage N concentration, were studied in two experiments conducted in growth rooms with varying N applications. They differed in leaf and stem in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of DM and in vitro cell wall digestibility (IVCWD), and in stem neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration; this confirms the presence of genetic variability for leaf and stem nutritive value in timothy under both limiting and non-limiting N conditions. Key words: Digestibility, grasses, Phleum pratense, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber

Paraquat for Weed Control Prior to Establishing Legumes

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Linscott ◽  
A. A. Akhavein ◽  
R. D. Hagin
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Growth Time ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Weed Growth

Land was prepared conventionally in early spring for the planting of small seeded legumes. Planting was delayed to allow emergence of weeds. We applied 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium salts (paraquat) and planted legumes immediately afterwards. Stage of weed growth, time of herbicide application, rate of chemical applied, and the methods of seeding were variables imposed. Paraquat (plus surfactant) applied at 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha to emerged weeds prior to the seeding of legumes controlled quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.] sufficiently to allow excellent establishment of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatusL.). A paraquat application delayed until yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) was at least 10 cm in height, followed by a disking, controlled the sedge sufficiently to allow legume establishment. For annual weed control, 0.3% kg/ha of paraquat was sufficient. Drilling as a method of seeding gave better legume stands than did surface-seeding techniques.

Relationship between P and N concentrations in timothy

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bélanger ◽  
J. E. Richards
Keyword(s):  
N Fertilization ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Critical P Concentration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Tools quantifying the status of N and P in plants may help to achieve efficient management of these nutrients and to optimize crop growth and yield. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between P and N concentrations during the regrowth of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and, in particular, to estimate the critical P concentration required to diagnose P deficiency. The relationship between P and N concentrations was determined for timothy grown in two experiments conducted with early- and late-maturing cultivars under non-limiting N conditions in spring of 1991 and 1992, and in two experiments with four rates of N fertilization conducted in the spring of 1993 and the summer of 1994. Shoot biomass and P and N concentrations were determined weekly during each regrowth cycle. The P and N concentrations decreased with time in all four experiments. The decrease in P concentration with increasing shoot biomass was generally similar to the decrease in N concentration. The relationship between P concentration and shoot biomass was not different for early- and late-maturing timothy cultivars. This relationship, however, was affected by N fertilization. For a given shoot biomass, increasing N fertilization rates increased P concentration. The relationship between P and N concentrations under non-limiting N conditions is described by a linear relationship (P = 1.46 + 0.069N, R2 = 0.79, P < 0.001, n = 48) in which P concentration (P) and N concentration (N) are expressed in g kg−1 DM. The relationship between P and N concentrations was different under N limiting conditions. For a given N concentration, the P concentration was greater under limiting N conditions than under non-limiting N conditions. Our results show that the critical P concentration for shoot growth is a function of the N concentration in the shoot biomass and the level of N deficiency. The present study provides the relationship required to estimate the critical P concentration which is essential for quantifying levels of P deficiency in timothy, and in developing models to predict the quantity of fertilizer P needed to correct that deficiency. Key words: Phleum pratense L., timothy, nitrogen, phosphorus, grasses

Farmer-directed on-farm experimentation examining the impact of companion planting barley and oats on timothyalfalfa forage establishment in central Newfoundland

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Spaner and A. G. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Oats (Avena sativa L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sown at increasing seeding rates of 23, 45 and 68 kg ha-1 with a timothy (Phleum pratense L.)-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixture (harvested at cereal soft dough) resulted in increasing forage yields containing decreasing alfalfa, crude protein, P and Ca percentage in the planting year. Barley out-yielded oats by 11% in the planting year. Oats or barley sown at seeding rates up to 68 kg ha-1 do not impede underseeded forage establishment or forage production in the subsequent year in central Newfoundland. The implications of farmer-directed on-farm experimentation are discussed. Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., Avena sativa L., Phleum pratense L, Medicago sativa L., underseeding

INFLUENCE DE LA FERTILISATION AZOTEE SUR LE RENDEMENT, LA VALEUR NUTRITIVE ET LA TENEUR EN DIVERSES FRACTIONS AZOTEES DE TROIS CULTIVARS DE LA FLEOLE DES PRES

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 839-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. GUERTIN ◽  
J. C. ST-PIERRE ◽  
P. GERVAIS
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

A 3-yr study on rates of nitgoren fertilization of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) showed that dry matter yield increased significantly with each increment of N fertilizer up to 448 kg/ha. Bounty outyielded Climax and Clair cultivars. Forage nutritive value index (NVI) was reduced by N fertilization but no significant difference was found among cultivars over the three growth cycles. Third cut forage had the highest and first cut forage the lowest NVI. Total, protein and non-protein nitrogen contents reached their highest values in first and second growth at highest rates of N fertilizer. Potentially toxic levels of nitrate-nitrogen were attained at each harvest only at rates of 448 and 896 kg/ha of N. On average over the season, Climax had the highest and Clair the lowest percentages of total and protein nitrogen while there was no significant difference among cultivars in the non-protein and nitrate nitrogen contents.

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