DISTRIBUTION AND IMPORTANCE IN NORTHWESTERN ALBERTA OF TOADFLAX AND ITS INSECT ENEMIES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. DARWENT ◽  
W. LOBAY ◽  
W. YARISH ◽  
P. HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
Forage Crops ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Seed Eating ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Made In

A survey was conducted during 1971–73 to determine the distribution of toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) in the Peace River region of northwestern Alberta. A total of 4,189 ha were found to be moderately or heavily infested. Approximately 47% of the infested land was used for perennial forage crops and 45% for annual crops and summer fallow. The remainder occurred on abandoned lands or in farmyards and woodland. Comparison with estimates of toadflax distribution made in 1956 indicates that the weed may be decreasing in a large portion of the survey areas, although increases are apparent on a few farms. Two biological control agents, the flower-feeding beetle, Brachypterolus pulicarius L., and the seed-eating weevil, Gymnaetron antirrhini Payk., accompanied by improved tillage practices appear to be the major factors restricting the spread of toadflax. The weed is not considered a serious problem in cereal crops but is troublesome in forage crops such as creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) where high densities reduce seed yields.

STUDIES WITH FERTILIZED PASTURES ON A HEAVY TEXTURED SOIL IN NORTHERN ALBERTA

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Elliott ◽  
C. H. Anderson ◽  
B. D. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Northern Alberta

Yields of herbage, animal gains, carrying capacity and TDN production were determined for three pasture swards grown on a Grey Wooded soil (Albright-Hythe series) in the Peace River region of northern Alberta over the period 1953 to 1956 inclusive. Sheep were used as grazing units. Fertilizer treatments of nil, ammonium phosphate (11-48-0) at 300 pounds per acre and ammonium nitrate (33-0-0) at 100 pounds per acre were applied annually to pastures of creeping red fescue, creeping red fescue-alfalfa and bromegrass-alfalfa.Productivity obtained with unfertilized grass-legume mixtures was almost double that for unfertilized grass grown alone. Increased production attributable to alfalfa was also obtained, although to a lesser degree, where fertilizers were used. Pastures of creeping red fescue seeded alone and with alfalfa responded markedly to applications of nitrogen while responses to phosphorus were negligible. Conversely, bromegrass-alfalfa pastures responded strongly to applications of phosphorus and only slightly to nitrogen.

ALSIKE CLOVER POLLINATION BY HONEY BEES IN THE PEACE RIVER REGION

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pankiw ◽  
C. R. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Native Pollinator ◽  
Seed Yields

Pollination studies involving zero, one and three colonies of honey bees per acre, on commercial alsike clover fields ranging in size from 15 to 75 acres, were conducted in 1954, 1955, and 1957 in the Hinton Trail district of the Peace River Region of Alberta. These studies indicated that in large fields one colony of honey bees per acre is sufficient to pollinate alsike clover, consideration being given to competition of other crops and to the climatic conditions. The influence of competing crops was such that 65- to 75-acre fields, with one colony per acre, were similar in honey bee populations and seed production to 15- to 20-acre fields with three colonies per acre. Competing plant species accounted for 15 to 36 per cent of the pollen collected by honey bees. Fields with the higher populations of pollinators matured earlier than fields deficient in pollinators. A population of 3400 honey bees per acre (0.7 bee per sq. yd.) throughout the flowering period resulted in seed sets up to 82 per cent and seed yields to 375 lb. per acre. Check fields, where no honey bees were supplied, ranged in production from 29 lb. per acre, with a low native pollinator count, to 293 lb. where a pollinator equivalent of 1300 bumble bees per acre was observed. Bumble bees worked alsike clover at the rate of 28.6 florets per minute, as compared to 20.0 for leaf-cutter bees and 18.7 for honey bees.

EFFECT OF ROW SPACING ON SEED AND HAY PRODUCTION OF ELEVEN GRASS SPECIES UNDER A PEACE RIVER REGION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. DARWENT ◽  
H. G. NAJDA ◽  
J. C. DRABBLE ◽  
C. R. ELLIOTT
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
River Region ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
Seed Yields

The effect of row spacing on seed and hay yields of 11 perennial grass species, including crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.), intermediate wheatgrass (A. intermedium (Host.) Beauv.), a northern biotype of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), a southern biotype of bromegrass, Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Hudson), creeping red fescue (F. rubra var. genuina L.), chewings fescue (F. rubra var. commutata Gaud), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), a turf-type timothy (Phleum bertolonii DC (P. bulbosum auct.)) and hexaploid timothy (Phleum pratense L.), was studied under a system with limited inputs of fertilizer and no weed control. The width of the row spacings ranged from 16 to 104 cm where seed yields were measured and from 27 to 93 cm where hay yields were measured. The seed yield of all grasses was greater at a row spacing of 16 cm than at row spacings of 60 cm or more. Hay yields of all grasses, averaged over four production years, were also greatest at narrow row spacings (27 cm). These yields decreased as row spacings increased to 49 through 93 cm. Row spacing had its greatest effect on hay yields during the first production year. After this period the effects of row spacing on hay yields were small.Key words: Row spacing, perennial grasses, seed yields, hay yields

Agronomic feasibility of producing seed of tall fescue in the Peace River region

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Site Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Seed Yields

The geographic distribution of a species may be extended by the availability of improved crop genotypes. Many tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) genotypes have been developed for amenity, forage and soil-conservation purposes to supply the expanding market in the United States. A study was conducted to determine the agronomic feasibility of producing seed of tall fescue in the Peace River region of Canada (50–60°N) in order to facilitate diversification of the region’s forage seed industry. Eleven cultivars were evaluated at three locations over two production years. Over the 6 site-yr, Kentucky 31, a cultivar that has been in use for about a century, produced 429 kg ha−1 seed, significantly less than the average of the other 10 cultivars 684 kg ha−1. Seed yields of these 10 cultivars, averaged over the 6 site-yr, varied from 534 to 794 kg ha−1 but did not differ significantly. There was a significant site effect on seed yield, but the cultivars produced consistently at each site in each year. Yield improvements over that of Kentucky 31 were associated with superior winter survival. Current cultivars of tall fescue can survive and produce economically feasible seed yields at latitudes as high as 58°N in the Peace River region, 8° farther north than the previously suggested demarcation limit of adaptation for the species in Canada. Key words: Tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreber, seed production, geographic distribution, northern limit, winter survival

Effects of water and nitrogen on seed production of creeping red fescue

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Seed Crop ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Seed Crops

In order to address a paucity of information, a study was conducted in the Peace River region of northwestern Canada to determine the effects on seed production of creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. var. rubra) of six water treatments [natural precipitation and 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200% of the average, cumulative, long-term precipitation (LTP) of 459 mm yr-1] in combination with four N-fertilization regimes (zero + 102, 34 + 68, 68 + 34, and 102 + zero kg ha-1 N for the first + second crops, respectively). The 2-yr seed yield exceeded 2900 kg ha-1 when N was supplied to just one of the two seed crops, viz. with 150 to 200% LTP when N was applied only to the first seed crop, and with 125 to 150% LTP when N was applied only to the second seed crop. Under the prevailing, long-term, moisture environment at the study site (100% LTP), total seed yield over two production years was greatest (2136 kg ha-1) with 68 + 34 kg ha-1 N. The effects of the water and N treatments on seed yield were not associated with the mass of root organic matter recovered after the harvest of the second seed crop. These results confirm, and begin to quantify, numerous visual observations in the Peace River region that seed yields of creeping red fescue are restricted by insufficient precipitation. Key words: Creeping red fescue, Festuca rubra, grass seed production, nitrogen fertility, water, soil moisture

The effects of diverse cropping systems on aggregation of a Luvisolic soil in the Peace River region

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Broersma ◽  
J. A. Robertson ◽  
D. S. Chanasyk
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Wet Sieving

Aggregate distribution and stability of surface soil were determined for different cropping systems of a Luvisolic soil in the Peace River region of Alberta. Gray Luvisolic soils have inherent problems that include weak platy structured surface horizons which are underlain by compact sub-soils. The cropping systems consisted of (i) continuous barley (CB) (Hordeum vulgare L.); (ii) barley/forage (BF), 3 yr of barley followed by 3 yr of forage (mixture of bromegrass [Bromus inermis Leyss] and red clover [Trifolium pratense L.]); (iii) continuous grass (CG) (bromegrass); and (iv) continuous legume (CL) (red clover). The barley/forage rotation consisted of two phases, the barley phase (BF) and forage phase (BF). Each phase was present every year. Aggregate separation by dry-sieving with a rotary sieve indicated that the CL cropping system had fewer large aggregates and more small aggregates than the other cropping systems. The CG, BF and CB cropping systems had more larger aggregates and were similar to each other. Wet-sieving, by contrast, resulted in the CG cropping system having greater amounts of large aggregates while the CL, BF phases, and CB cropping systems were similar with more smaller aggregates. Wet-sieving of the different aggregate size fractions from the rotary dry-sieve indicated that the cropping system aggregate stability was in the order of: CG > CL > BF ≥ BF ≥ CB. The stability of the BF cropping system was greater than that of the BF as it had recently come out of the BF phase (3 yr of forage production). Aggregate stability for the cropping system soils was consistent among the evaluation method of wet-sieving and the McCalla water-drop method. Inclusion of forage crops are important in maintaining or improving soil structure of Luvisolic surface horizons. Key words: Luvisolic soil, cropping systems, aggregation, aggregate stability, Peace River region

Herbage productivity and nutritive value of nine grasses in the Peace River region of northwestern Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Peace River ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
River Region ◽  
Single Response

Seasonal production profiles are fundamental to the effective utilisation of herbage crops. In the Peace River region of north-western Canada, the seasonal productivity and nutritive value of the primary growth of nine grasses was assessed under conditions of potentially non-limiting N fertiliser (150 kg N ha-1). Yield, digestibility and N concentration of dry matter (DM) were determined for herbage harvested at six dates during primary growth (late-May to mid-August at 2-wk intervals), and regressed on time in the growing season. Herbage DM yield increased exponentially throughout primary growth for each grass although the nature of the relationship differed among the grasses, both with respect to the maximum yield and the amount of early-season production; maximum yields ranged from 3.61 t ha-1 for reed canary to 6.31 t ha-1 for intermediate wheat. The early-season productivity of meadow foxtail and crested wheat was particularly evident, with DM yields in excess of 1 t ha-1 by 24 May compared to less than 0.32 t ha-1 for the other seven grasses. Reed canary and meadow foxtail had high N concentrations, meadow brome and three wheatgrasses had low N concentrations, and smooth brome, timothy and creeping red fescue had intermediate N concentrations. Herbage digestibility during the primary growth could be characterised by a single response curve for the nine grasses; digestibility decreased exponentially during the vegetative to head-emergence stage of growth at an average rate of 4.1 g kg-1 DM d-1, from 830 g kg-1 DM in late-May to 616 g kg-1 DM in mid-July. Herbage N concentration and digestibility were related linearly for each of the nine grasses. Key words: Grasses, herbage, yield, nutritive value, primary growth

China’s shadow banking sector: beneficial or harmful to economic growth?

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Barth ◽  
Tong Li ◽  
Wen Shi ◽  
Pei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Shadow Banking ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Made In

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine recent developments pertaining to China’s shadow banking sector. Shadow banking has the potential not only to be a beneficial contributor to continued economic growth, but also to contribute to systematic instability if not properly monitored and regulated. An assessment is made in this paper as to whether shadow banking is beneficial or harmful to China’s economic growth. Design/methodology/approach – The authors start with providing an overview of shadow banking from a global perspective, with information on its recent growth and importance in selected countries. The authors then focus directly on China’s shadow banking sector, with information on the various entities and activities that comprise the sector. Specifically, the authors examine the interconnections between shadow banking and regular banking in China and the growth in shadow banking to overall economic growth, the growth in the money supply and the growth in commercial bank assets. Findings – Despite the wide range in the estimates, the trend in the size of shadow banking in China has been upward over the examined period. There are significant interconnections between the shadow banking sector and the commercial banking sector. Low deposit rate and high reserve requirement ratios have been the major factors driving its growth. Shadow banking has been a contributor, along with money growth, to economic growth. Practical implications – The authors argue that shadow banking may prove useful by diversifying China’s financial sector and providing greater investments and savings opportunities to consumers and businesses throughout the country, if the risks of shadow banking are adequately monitored and controlled. Originality/value – To the authors’ knowledge, this paper is among the few to systematically evaluate the influence of shadow banking on China’s economic growth.

COPPER, MOLYBDENUM AND SULFUR CONTENTS OF FORAGE CROPS AT KAPUSKASING, ONTARIO

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. LESSARD ◽  
M. HIDIROGLOU ◽  
R. B. CARSON ◽  
J. M. WAUTHY
Keyword(s):  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Each of the species birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) was grown in the field on 10 plots sampled at weekly intervals in rotation from June 13. Each plot was resampled after 6 weeks and all samples were analyzed for copper, molybdenum and sulfur. In most species, levels of Cu and Mo were highest in the early samplings and decreased with advancing maturity. Second-cut samples tended to be higher in Cu, Mo and S than first-cut samples. The S content was more uniform in the first cycle but increased considerably in the second cycle, especially in reed canarygrass. The ranges in Cu content were 7.4 to 14.1 ppm for birdsfoot trefoil and 3.7 to 11.4 ppm for the grasses. Mo ranged from 1.9 to 8.1 ppm in birdsfoot trefoil and from 1.0 to 6.5 ppm in the grasses. The overall range in S content was from 0.14 to 0.95%. The mineral composition of the crops is discussed in relation to the requirement of ruminants for these three elements.

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