THE USE OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IN TESTING THE SEED VIABILITY OF WILD OATS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1047-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. HSIAO ◽  
M. E. MacGREGOR ◽  
J. D. BANTING
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Maximum Percentage ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Oat Seeds ◽  
Viable Seeds

When seeds of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) were imbibed in water for 24 h, followed by 24-h immersion in 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), the hulls were completely degraded. The embryos were clearly defined before the hull was completely degraded. Several hours were required for the maximum number of sharply defined embryos to develop after NaOCl treatment to dry seeds, and hull degradation was less rapid in these seeds relative to seeds that had been previously imbibed in water for 24 h. The maximum percentage of caryopses with sharply defined embryos was found to be closely correlated to percentage of viable seeds estimated by germination plus tetrazolium tests; thus the NaOCl treatment can be used to estimate the viability of wild oat seeds.

APPLICATION OF THE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SEED VIABILITY TEST TO WILD OAT POPULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT DORMANCY CHARACTERISTICS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. HSIAO ◽  
J. A. HANES
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Immersion Time ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Viability Test ◽  
Test Standards ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Mixed Populations ◽  
Survival Mechanisms

Viability estimates were made using germination, tetrazolium, and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) tests of seeds from three populations of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) with different dormancy characteristics. Complete germination occurred in Crop Science 40 seeds after dehulling and piercing (D + P) treatment, whereas only about 70% germination was obtained in Anderson 51 and mixed populations following this treatment. The dormant seeds of Anderson 51 and mixed populations required gibberellic acid (GA3) for germination, indicating that these seeds had deeper GA3-dependent dormancy than did CS 40 seeds. The NaOCl viability test gave reliable viability estimates of all three populations. Dehulled seeds required less immersion time in 6% NaOCl and a lower concentration of NaOCl for embryos to become sharply defined than did intact seeds. The closely comparable results of viability estimates for dehulled seeds made immediately after 1–3 h NaOCl treatments and their subsequent germination responses in water gave the first direct evidence in support of the validity of the NaOCl viability test. Standards were established to ensure that the NaOCl viability test can accurately estimate viability under various sets of conditions. Samples of 33 seeds that had imbibed water for 24 h were immersed for 24 h in 12 mL of 6% NaOCl. The volume of NaOCl was increased to 20 mL for samples of 50 seeds. The NaOCl viability test has proved to be flexible and well-suited for studying the survival mechanisms of wild oats.

STUDIES ON THE PERSISTENCE OF AVENA FATUA

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Banting
Keyword(s):  
Avena Fatua ◽  
First Year ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Oat Seeds ◽  
Viable Seeds

In an attempt to determine the persistence of wild oat seeds in the soil, naturally shattered and threshed seeds of Avena fatua L. were: (a) buried at depths ranging from 0 to 25 cm in Regina heavy clay, (b) left on the surface of the soil after harvest, (c) distributed on the surface and covered after 0, 3, or 6 weeks of exposure. The persistence of seeds receiving each treatment was measured by determining the number of viable and dormant seeds after various intervals of time.There was essentially no difference in the persistence of naturally shattered and threshed seeds. Loss of viable seeds was always rapid within the first year or two especially near the surface. A few seeds were still viable after nearly 7 years in the soil.Deep burial of seeds (below 5 cm) extended the period of persistence and should be avoided. Mortality of seeds near the surface was high especially during the first winter. Cultivation in mid-July had little effect on persistence. Covering the seeds after harvest stimulated germination in some years. Even without cultivation depletion was as great the following June.Samples with a high percentage of dormant seeds did not necessarily persist the longest. The pattern for loss of viable seeds was similar regardless of the initial percentage of dormant seeds. Variations in the number of dormant seeds at various times indicated that some induction of dormancy occurred.

THE DORMANCY BEHAVIOR OF AVENA FATUA L. IN CULTIVATED SOIL

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Banting
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Oat Seeds ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Dormancy Induction ◽  
Methods Of Control

Recovery of dormant, non-dormant and dead wild oat seeds and seedling emergence from naturally-infested Regina heavy clay soil was used as a measure of viability during 5 years of consecutive summerfallow subsequent to 13 years of continuous cropping.Percentage viability and dormancy corresponded closely throughout the first summerfallow period. By season’s end 33 per cent of the seeds were viable but mostly dormant. It was concluded that persistence was due primarily to seed dormancy and not lack of germinative conditions.Numerous seedlings emerged the following spring until early June when viability averaged 4 per cent. The potential value of delayed seeding methods of control was indicated clearly at this time. Persistence of seeds in the soil in the second and two succeeding summerfallow years was attributed largely to primary seed dormancy. Lack of moisture and oxygen contributed temporarily. There was little or no evidence of secondary dormancy induction under field conditions. Neither moisture nor oxygen supply appeared to seriously reduce total emergence in adjoining cropland. It was concluded that wild oats could be "grown out" equally well in a 2-year rotation of alternate crop and summerfallow as by means of 2 years of consecutive summerfallow if re-infestation was prevented during the crop year.Inhibition of germination of surface seeds, presumably by light, did not markedly prolong persistence of viable seeds in the soil. No viable seeds were found on the surface after June of the third summerfallow year.Results indicated that a minimum of 5 years is needed to elminate wild oats from heavy clay soils under cultivation.

Barban Selectivity for Wild Oat in Wheat

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Neidermyer ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Wild Oats

The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate) was studied as influenced by plant morphology and air temperature after application. Growth of wheat and wild oat seedlings was reduced by barban at 0.3 μg and 0.6 μg applied to the first node, respectively. Barban application to the base and midpoint of the first leaf blade required a lower dose to reduce wild oat growth than wheat growth. Increased tillering occurred from barban injury to the main culm in wheat. Wheat and wild oat susceptibility to barban increased as the post-treatment temperature decreased from 32 to 10 C. Barban selectivity for wild oats in wheat was greater at 27 and 21 C than at 16 and 10 C.

SPRAY DROPLET DISTRIBUTION AND HERBICIDE UPTAKE IN SEQUENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF DICLOFOP-METHYL AND MCPA FOR WEED CONTROL IN BARLEY

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. QURESHI ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Droplet Distribution ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Spray Volume

Uptake of 14C-diclofop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy propanoate]} by leaves of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) was reduced significantly in the presence of MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]acetic acid]}, especially the dimethylamine formulation. If the herbicides were applied separately, the degree of interference with uptake depended on the extent of overlap of droplets of the two spray preparations on the leaf surface. Spray volume and direction of spray application were important factors in minimizing the mixing of spray droplets on the leaves if the two herbicides were applied separately with a tandem arrangement of two sprayers. Such a sequential application of MCPA ester and diclofop-methyl in a field experiment provided significantly greater wild oat control than could be obtained with a tank mix of the same two herbicides, but the results were not consistent enough to recommend the procedure for practical use.

Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Infestations and Economic Returns as Influenced by Frequency of Control

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O'Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Average Return

In continuous wheat or barley or in a canola/barley rotation, wild oat control every year over 4 yr maintained wild oat seedling populations at 3 plants/m2 or less. Failure to control wild oats annually increased wild oat populations (>200 plants/m2 by the fourth year) in continuous wheat dramatically, while in the other two cropping systems, populations increased to only 40 plants/m2 or less by the fourth year. In the continuous wheat and in the canola/barley rotation, wild oat control every year generally provided the best economic returns when prices and costs were averaged over 4 yr; in continuous barley, the average return was better when wild oats was controlled only in the second or third years rather than every year.

Morphological and physiological variation in wild oats (Avena fatua L. and A. ludoviciana Dur.) and in hybrids between wild and cultivated oats

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan M. Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Physiological Variation ◽  
Wild Oats

In samples of wild-oat panicles collected in England and Wales in 1951 only two species, Avena fatua L. and Avena ludoviciana Dur., occurred; both were very variable in grain characters but most plants bred true. Plants of all except one type of A. fatua were upright in habit with few tillers and averaged 95% dormant grains at harvest; plants of A. ludoviciana were procumbent or prostrate at the maximum tillering stage with numerous tillers and the percentage dormant grains was lower than in A. fatua.The taxonomy of wild oats is discussed. Chromosome counts on eleven selections showed that 2n = 42.Types intermediate between wild and cultivated oats were compared with wild oats.

Lentil (Lens culinaris) Yield as Influenced by Duration of Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Interference

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Curran ◽  
Larry A. Morrow ◽  
Ralph E. Whitesides
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Time Periods

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of wild oat (Avena fatua L. # AVEFA) interference in lentils (Lens culinaris Medik). An infestation of 32 and 65 wild oats/m2 maintained up to 5 weeks in the field did not reduce lentil grain yield. However, 32 wild oats/m2 reduced yields 32% when allowed to remain for 7 weeks and 49% if they remained until harvest time (11 weeks). Sixty-five wild oats/m2 reduced grain yield 42 and 61% for the same time periods, respectively. In the growth chamber, 69 wild oats/m2 reduced lentil plant dry weight 29% if allowed to remain for 3 weeks, 61% for 5 weeks, and 72% for 7 weeks (harvest time). The field data suggest that wild oat control measures may be delayed for several weeks after lentil emergence without reducing crop yield.

Changes in inorganic phosphate and seed germinability during afterripening of wild oats

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2469-2471 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Quick ◽  
Andrew I. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Seed Germinability ◽  
Wild Oats

The period of afterripening required by dormant seeds of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) depends upon their genetic and environmental history. A steady increase was found in the level of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and germinability of dry mature caryopses of genetically dormant wild oat lines as afterripening progressed. There were no appreciable changes in Pi or in germinability of the companion seeds stored at −15 °C over the period of study. Secondary seeds were more dormant and had lower levels of Pi during afterripening than was the case with primary seeds. Storage at room temperature had little effect on Pi level of nondormant seed line. Results support the hypothesis that levels of endogenous Pi within the seed influence germinability.

Influence of tillage, vertical seed distribution, and pyroxasulfone application timing and rate on control of wild oat (Avena fatua L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy R. Mangin ◽  
Linda M. Hall ◽  
Jeff J. Schoenau ◽  
Hugh J. Beckie
Keyword(s):  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Oat Seeds ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Seed Distribution ◽  
Oat Biomass

Tillage and new herbicide options may be necessary for the control of herbicide-resistant wild oat. The efficacy of soil-applied herbicides such as pyroxasulfone can be influenced by edaphic factors and weed seed recruitment depth, which varies with tillage system. We investigated the effect of tillage and pyroxasulfone rate when applied in the fall and spring on wild oat biomass at three locations in Alberta in 2014–2015. The vertical position of wild oat seeds, with and without tillage, was examined at each site. Wild oat biomass was greater in untilled plots compared with plots with fall tillage at all locations. In two out of three locations, pyroxasulfone efficacy was superior when applied in the fall compared with spring, possibly influenced by low spring rainfall. A single tillage pass at the Edmonton and Kinsella locations did not affect wild oat seed distribution, but there was an increase in seeds present in the surface layer in the untilled treatment at Lacombe. Tillage, used in combination with soil-applied herbicides, may be an option to achieve acceptable control of herbicide-resistant wild oat.

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