SPRAY DROPLET DISTRIBUTION AND HERBICIDE UPTAKE IN SEQUENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF DICLOFOP-METHYL AND MCPA FOR WEED CONTROL IN BARLEY

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. QURESHI ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Droplet Distribution ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Spray Volume

Uptake of 14C-diclofop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy propanoate]} by leaves of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) was reduced significantly in the presence of MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]acetic acid]}, especially the dimethylamine formulation. If the herbicides were applied separately, the degree of interference with uptake depended on the extent of overlap of droplets of the two spray preparations on the leaf surface. Spray volume and direction of spray application were important factors in minimizing the mixing of spray droplets on the leaves if the two herbicides were applied separately with a tandem arrangement of two sprayers. Such a sequential application of MCPA ester and diclofop-methyl in a field experiment provided significantly greater wild oat control than could be obtained with a tank mix of the same two herbicides, but the results were not consistent enough to recommend the procedure for practical use.

Interaction of Diclofop-Methyl and MCPA on Wild Oats (Avena fatua)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Qureshi ◽  
W. H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Methyl Methyl ◽  
Metabolic Conversion ◽  
Crude Leaf Extract ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Diclofop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate} loses part of its activity on wild oats (Avena fatuaL.) when it is applied in combination with ester or amine formulations of MCPA {[4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid.} Uptake of diclofop-methyl is reduced in the presence of commercial formulations of MCPA, particularly amine formulations, which are only partly compatible with the diclofop-methyl formulation. With added MCPA, regardless of formulation, hydrolysis of diclofop-methyl to the acid diclofop is slowed down, both in intact wild oat plants and in a crude leaf extract. At the same time, conversion of any acid formed to inactive conjugates is accelerated in the presence of MCPA. It is concluded that the loss of activity of diclofop-methyl by MCPA can be accounted for by the effects of MCPA on uptake and metabolic conversion of diclofop-methyl.

Barban Selectivity for Wild Oat in Wheat

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Neidermyer ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Wild Oats

The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate) was studied as influenced by plant morphology and air temperature after application. Growth of wheat and wild oat seedlings was reduced by barban at 0.3 μg and 0.6 μg applied to the first node, respectively. Barban application to the base and midpoint of the first leaf blade required a lower dose to reduce wild oat growth than wheat growth. Increased tillering occurred from barban injury to the main culm in wheat. Wheat and wild oat susceptibility to barban increased as the post-treatment temperature decreased from 32 to 10 C. Barban selectivity for wild oats in wheat was greater at 27 and 21 C than at 16 and 10 C.

Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Infestations and Economic Returns as Influenced by Frequency of Control

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O'Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Average Return

In continuous wheat or barley or in a canola/barley rotation, wild oat control every year over 4 yr maintained wild oat seedling populations at 3 plants/m2 or less. Failure to control wild oats annually increased wild oat populations (>200 plants/m2 by the fourth year) in continuous wheat dramatically, while in the other two cropping systems, populations increased to only 40 plants/m2 or less by the fourth year. In the continuous wheat and in the canola/barley rotation, wild oat control every year generally provided the best economic returns when prices and costs were averaged over 4 yr; in continuous barley, the average return was better when wild oats was controlled only in the second or third years rather than every year.

Morphological and physiological variation in wild oats (Avena fatua L. and A. ludoviciana Dur.) and in hybrids between wild and cultivated oats

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan M. Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Physiological Variation ◽  
Wild Oats

In samples of wild-oat panicles collected in England and Wales in 1951 only two species, Avena fatua L. and Avena ludoviciana Dur., occurred; both were very variable in grain characters but most plants bred true. Plants of all except one type of A. fatua were upright in habit with few tillers and averaged 95% dormant grains at harvest; plants of A. ludoviciana were procumbent or prostrate at the maximum tillering stage with numerous tillers and the percentage dormant grains was lower than in A. fatua.The taxonomy of wild oats is discussed. Chromosome counts on eleven selections showed that 2n = 42.Types intermediate between wild and cultivated oats were compared with wild oats.

Wild Oat (Avena fatua) andAvena sterilisMorphological Characteristics and Response to Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol N. Somody ◽  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Stephen D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Avena Sterilis ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Wild oat (Avena fatuaL. ♯3AVEFA) andAvena sterilisL. ♯ AVEST accessions from the United States were screened for tolerance to diallate [S-(2,3-dichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate], triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate], barban (4-chloro-2-butynylm-chlorocarbanilate), diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoic acid}, difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium), flamprop [N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-DL-alanine], and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate). Some accessions were tolerant to more than one herbicide but none were tolerant to all herbicides. Tolerance to a herbicide was not restricted to certain areas of origin of the accessions, and tolerant accessions occurred even in locations that had not been treated previously with the herbicide. In general, accessions from Southern California and Arizona were shorter, produced more tillers, and required the least number of days to panicle emergence. However, accessions from within individual areas were nearly as variable in these characteristics as the entire 1200 accessions. Tolerance of accessions to flamprop, difenzoquat, MSMA, and diclofop was not due to low leaf surface area, since the tolerant accessions usually had the most leaf surface area. All the accessions tolerant to difenzoquat, MSMA, and flamprop, and three of the four accessions tolerant to diclofop, tillered less than the susceptible accessions.

Basis for Interactions of Ethofumesate1and Desmedipham on Sugarbeets and Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Eshel ◽  
R.L. Zimdahl ◽  
E.E. Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Brassica Kaber

A synergistic interaction occurred when sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono-Hy Al’) were treated with mixtures of ethofumesate (2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulphonate) and desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate (ester)]. Depending on the stage of weed growth synergistic interactions were also observed on two weed species: wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler ‘pinnatifida’ (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler] and wild oat (Avena fatuaL.). Desmedipham penetrated the foliage more slowly than did ethofumesate. The rate of desmedipham penetration was positively correlated with the concentration of its formulants (solvents and adjuvants) in the spraying emulsion, and to a lesser extent with the formulants of ethofumesate. Increasing the spray volume also increased desmedipham penetration. None of these factors affected penetration by ethofumesate.14C-labeled ethofumesate and desmedipham did not translocate out of treated leaves regardless of the concentration of formulants or active ingredients. These data suggest that the synergistic interaction is mainly due to the increased penetration by desmedipham when applied with ethofumesate.

Lentil (Lens culinaris) Yield as Influenced by Duration of Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Interference

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Curran ◽  
Larry A. Morrow ◽  
Ralph E. Whitesides
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Time Periods

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of wild oat (Avena fatua L. # AVEFA) interference in lentils (Lens culinaris Medik). An infestation of 32 and 65 wild oats/m2 maintained up to 5 weeks in the field did not reduce lentil grain yield. However, 32 wild oats/m2 reduced yields 32% when allowed to remain for 7 weeks and 49% if they remained until harvest time (11 weeks). Sixty-five wild oats/m2 reduced grain yield 42 and 61% for the same time periods, respectively. In the growth chamber, 69 wild oats/m2 reduced lentil plant dry weight 29% if allowed to remain for 3 weeks, 61% for 5 weeks, and 72% for 7 weeks (harvest time). The field data suggest that wild oat control measures may be delayed for several weeks after lentil emergence without reducing crop yield.

Changes in inorganic phosphate and seed germinability during afterripening of wild oats

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2469-2471 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Quick ◽  
Andrew I. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Seed Germinability ◽  
Wild Oats

The period of afterripening required by dormant seeds of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) depends upon their genetic and environmental history. A steady increase was found in the level of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and germinability of dry mature caryopses of genetically dormant wild oat lines as afterripening progressed. There were no appreciable changes in Pi or in germinability of the companion seeds stored at −15 °C over the period of study. Secondary seeds were more dormant and had lower levels of Pi during afterripening than was the case with primary seeds. Storage at room temperature had little effect on Pi level of nondormant seed line. Results support the hypothesis that levels of endogenous Pi within the seed influence germinability.

Floret anthesis and pollination in wild oats (Avena fatua)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2187-2195 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. S. Raju ◽  
G. J. Jones ◽  
G. F. Ledingham
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Daily Rhythm ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Wild Oats

Avena fatua L. (wild oats), an introduced annual, is a successful weed in the cultivated fields of the Canadian prairies. Its inflorescence is a determinate panicle consisting of many spikelets, each of which contains two or three florets. During anthesis, the lodicules in each floret swell after water uptake and cause the lemma to diverge and to establish a wide angle between it and the palea. The essential organs in the floret are exposed to the environment and subsequently the anthers dehisce releasing pollen. The pollen grains are dropped on the stigmatic branches, thus effecting self-pollination. Following pollination, the floret closes because of the collapsing of lodicules. The pollen on the stigma germinates after the floret has closed. Anthesis, both in the field and in the growth cabinet, shows a daily rhythm and occurs in the afternoon. This rhythmic floret opening seems to be temperature sensitive. The ambient temperature range for anthesis in the field is 25–28 °C. The wild oat is primarily a chasmogamous species and enforced cleistogamy in the florets can be induced experimentally.

Variation Within Pure Lines of Wild Oats (Avena fatua) in Relation to Temperature of Development

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Adkins ◽  
Mary Loewen ◽  
Stephen J. Symons
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Pure Lines ◽  
Seed Water Content

Plants of dormant and nondormant wild oat (Avena fatuaL. # AVEFA) lines were grown under temperatures of 15, 20, and 25 C. A number of physiological and morphological characters in the plants and seed of both lines were influenced by temperature. Duration of dormancy in the progeny seed increased in both lines that had experienced low temperatures (15 C) during development, and decreased in seed of both lines that had experienced high temperatures (25 C) during development. High, compared to low, temperatures of development decreased plant height, vegetative and seed development time, seed numbers per plant, seed dry weight, and seed water content.

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