WHEAT AND TRITICALE ROOT DEVELOPMENT AS AFFECTED BY TRIFLURALIN

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. OLSON ◽  
R. B. McKERCHER
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Chamber Study ◽  
Seminal Roots

A growth chamber study was conducted to investigate the effects of trifluralin on root morphology of wheat and triticale seedlings. Five spring wheat cultivars, five durum wheat cultivars and three triticale cultivars were grown for 15 days in soil treated with 0, 0.4 and 0.8 ppm trifluralin. Root damage from trifluralin in both wheat and triticale was greater at 0.8 ppm than 0.4 ppm. The 0.4 ppm rate of trifluralin reduced dry weight of Canuck, Hercules and Carman compared to the control; however, at 0.8 ppm, root dry weight of all cultivars was reduced compared to the control. Trifluralin injury symptoms included increased number of seminal roots, decreased seminal root extension, increased root diameter, and reduced root dry weight. As a group, the roots of spring wheat were injured more by trifluralin than the roots of either durum wheat or triticale. Differences in root damage amongst the cultivars was more apparent after the appearance of the second radicle root. A negative correlation was obtained between caryopsis lipid content (μg lipid per caryopsis) and root dry weight among the cultivars at the 0.8 ppm trifluralin rate.Key words: Trifluralin, wheat, triticale, root morphology, lipid

scholarly journals Genome-wide association analysis unveils novel QTLs for seminal root system architecture traits in Ethiopian durum wheat

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Admas Alemu ◽  
Tileye Feyissa ◽  
Marco Maccaferri ◽  
Giuseppe Sciara ◽  
Roberto Tuberosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
High Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Seminal Roots

Abstract Background Genetic improvement of root system architecture is essential to improve water and nutrient use efficiency of crops or to boost their productivity under stress or non-optimal soil conditions. One hundred ninety-two Ethiopian durum wheat accessions comprising 167 historical landraces and 25 modern cultivars were assembled for GWAS analysis to identify QTLs for root system architecture (RSA) traits and genotyped with a high-density 90 K wheat SNP array by Illumina. Results Using a non-roll, paper-based root phenotyping platform, a total of 2880 seedlings and 14,947 seminal roots were measured at the three-leaf stage to collect data for total root length (TRL), total root number (TRN), root growth angle (RGA), average root length (ARL), bulk root dry weight (RDW), individual root dry weight (IRW), bulk shoot dry weight (SDW), presence of six seminal roots per seedling (RT6) and root shoot ratio (RSR). Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences between accessions for all RSA traits. Four major (− log10P ≥ 4) and 34 nominal (− log10P ≥ 3) QTLs were identified and grouped in 16 RSA QTL clusters across chromosomes. A higher number of significant RSA QTL were identified on chromosome 4B particularly for root vigor traits (root length, number and/or weight). Conclusions After projecting the identified QTLs on to a high-density tetraploid consensus map along with previously reported RSA QTL in both durum and bread wheat, fourteen nominal QTLs were found to be novel and could potentially be used to tailor RSA in elite lines. The major RGA QTLs on chromosome 6AL detected in the current study and reported in previous studies is a good candidate for cloning the causative underlining sequence and identifying the beneficial haplotypes able to positively affect yield under water- or nutrient-limited conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Diversity and Traits Correlation in Spring Wheat Cultivars under Drought Stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-354
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza NAGHAVI ◽  
Mahmoud TOORCHI ◽  
Mohammad MOGHADDAM ◽  
Mohammad Reza SHAKIBA
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Total Variation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Yield Factor

In order to study of diversity and classify agro-morphological characters under normal irrigation and drought stress in spring wheat cultivars, 20 cultivars were evaluated in the research farm of University of Tabriz, Iran. According to the results, significant correlation was found between grain yield and number of spikes per plant, number of tiller per plant, number of fertile tillers, spike length, root length, root number, root volume, root diameter and root dry weight under both conditions. Moreover, 1,000 grain weight and plant dry weight had significant positive correlation with grain yield under drought stress. Factor analysis detected four and two factors which explained 96.77% and 90.59% of the total variation in normal irrigation and drought stress conditions, respectively. In drought stress condition the first factor justified 69.52% of total variation and was identified as yield factor. The second factor explained 21.07% of total variation and represented the biomass and plant height factor. Cluster analysis was based on the four and two factors obtained. According to the amount of factors for clusters obtained under drought stress, ‘Kavir’, ‘Niknejhad’, ‘Moghan 3’, ‘Darya’ and ‘Marvdasht’ were identified as the most drought tolerant cultivars. Other cluster was comprised of ‘Bahar’, ‘Pishtaz’, ‘Bam’, ‘Sepahan’, ‘Sistan’, ‘Pars’ and ‘Sivand’ and was named as the most sensitive under drought stress. Tolerant cultivars identified within the study can be used for direct culture or as genitors in breeding programs.

Characterization of manganese use efficiency in UK wheat cultivars grown in a solution culture system and in the field

2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Z. JIANG ◽  
C. R. IRELAND
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Apparent Quantum Yield ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Wheat Lines

The aim of the research was to describe and characterize the physiological basis of Mn use efficiency among a range of old and modern UK wheat cultivars grown in Mn-depleted solution culture and to ascertain whether the existence of Mn use efficiency conferred a yield advantage under manganese stress conditions in the field. Results of solution culture experiments demonstrated that the old spring wheat cv. Maris Butler is relatively Mn efficient when grown in Mn-deficient conditions in comparison with both a modern winter wheat, cv. Claire, and a modern spring wheat, cv. Paragon. The mean dry weight gain of plants of cv. Maris Butler grown in Mn-depleted nutrient solution was 0·49 of that shown by plants in Mn-sufficient culture, whereas in cvs. Paragon and Claire the equivalent values were 0·38 and 0·21 respectively. When grown in Mn-deficient soil in a farm-based field trial, cv. Maris Butler showed significantly improved (P<0·05) dry matter accumulation and grain yield compared with other spring wheats including cv. Paragon. There was no significant variation in leaf Mn content between the cultivars examined, either under sufficient or depleted Mn supply; however, cv. Maris Butler showed both a relatively high maximum light-saturated rate of photosynthesis and a high photosynthetic apparent quantum yield (based on O2 evolution) when grown under Mn deficiency. It is argued that the apparent Mn use efficiency of cv. Maris Butler is related to superior internal utilization of Mn, resulting in an increased photosynthetic photosytem II efficiency rather than improved Mn uptake and accumulation. The results suggest that the wheat cultivar Maris Butler may provide a potentially useful source of parental material for future crop improvement programmes designed to produce wheat lines resistant to depleted Mn supply.

scholarly journals The Response of Spring Wheat Cultivars to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization under Salinity Stresses

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daishu Yi ◽  
Timothy Schwinghamer ◽  
Yolande Dalpé ◽  
Jaswinder Singh ◽  
Shahrokh Khanizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Wheat is an important crop, playing inevitable roles in human life, ranging from major food resource to raw material for biofuel. However, due to the dramatically reduced available arable areas and increasingly severe abiotic and biotic stresses, wheat production nowadays faces extreme challenges.. Many approaches have been explored to increase wheat yield including development of new cultivars. One of the most promising approaches is the application of the naturally existent arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a mutualistic symbiosis originated over 400 million years ago. AM have long been known to form mutualistic symbiosis with various plants to enhance yield production and to improve stress tolerance, especially drought and salinity. But the benefits vary among AM strains and plant species. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the influence of four AM strains colonized on four selected spring wheat varieties under three salt concentrations (0, 50, 100 mmol/L). The results demonstrated that wheat inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal strains Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizoglomusirregulare mitigated yield losses caused by increased salinity stresses as well as strengthened root growth in comparison with non-inoculated plant controls. Salinity stress, however, had non-significant negative effects on most variables, except for grain yield, root surface area and root dry weight, in which a significant decrease was observed in root surface area and root dry weight with the increasing of saline concentration.

scholarly journals The after-effect of long-term reduced tillage systems on the biodiversity of weeds in spring crops

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Woźniak ◽  
Małgorzata Haliniarz
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Dough Stage

A strictly controlled field experiment on traditional and reduced tillage systems as well as herbicide treatment was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station of Uhrusk in the years 2007-2011. In the last year of the experiment, the effect of different tillage systems on the level of weed infestation and biodiversity of weeds was determined in all the plots for the crop of common spring wheat <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L., spring durum wheat <i>Triticum durum</i> Desf., and oat <i>Avena sativa</i> L. at two growth stages: tillering (23/24 on BBCH scale) and dough stage (83/85). A higher number and higher air-dry weight of weeds were determined at tillering than at the dough stage. Long-term reduced tillage increased the number of weeds per 1m<sup>2</sup> at the tillering stage, contrary to herbicide treatment. At the dough stage, a higher number of weeds was observed in the herbicide treatment and reduced tillage plots compared to traditional tillage. The air-dry weight of weeds at the tillering and dough stages of cereals was significantly higher in the case of herbicide treatment than under the traditional and reduced tillage systems. Weed communities in spring wheat, durum wheat and oat included mostly annual weeds. A higher number of weed species was determined in the plot with long-term herbicide treatment than in the plots with reduced and traditional tillage systems.

GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN THE GROWTH OF BANANAS (MUSA SPP.) INFECTED WITH MIGRATORY ENDOPARASITIC NEMATODES. 1. ROOTS

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. KALORIZOU ◽  
S. R. GOWEN ◽  
T. R. WHEELER
Keyword(s):  
Root Morphology ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Resistant Varieties

The effects of nematodes on root morphology and the association of root characteristics with resistance to nematodes of seven banana varieties were investigated in two experiments. Banana plants were grown in controlled conditions within polytunnels and harvested on three occasions for the measurement of root morphology and biomass. Varieties differed in their resistance to nematodes, from resistant (Yg Km5, FHIA 17, FHIA 03) and partly resistant (FHIA 01, FHIA 25) to not resistant ((FHIA 23, Williams). Nematodes reduced the root dry weight of FHIA 01, FHIA 17 and FHIA 23 at some harvests. Primary root number was on average 9.5% lower in nematode-infected plants than controls, with no differences among the varieties. Thus, there was no simple association between the resistance of these varieties and their tolerance to nematodes. Varieties differed in root morphology. Root dry weight was greatest for resistant varieties Yg Km5 and FHIA 03, and least for non-resistant varieties FHIA 23 and Williams. Thus, resistance to nematodes was associated with varieties with greater root mass and more and larger primary roots.

scholarly journals 593 Water Stress Influences Soil/Root Respiration Rate and Root Morphology of Young Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 549B-549
Author(s):  
Georgios Psarras ◽  
Ian A. Merwin
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Electric Capacitance ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Root Size ◽  
Root Capacitance

One-year-old potted `Mutsu' apple (Malus domestica) trees on MM.111 and M.9 rootstocks were grown outdoors from May to Nov. 1997, under three levels of soil-water availability (–20, –80, and –200 kPa), to evaluate the effects of water stress on soil/root respiration and root morphology. At weekly intervals, we measured soil/root respiration using a portable infrared gas analyzer and rootsystem size or functional activity using an electric capacitance meter. These observations were tested as nondestructive methods to estimate relative differences in root size and morphology in situ compared with final dry weight and form of excavated apple rootstocks. Root size-class distributions were estimated by digital imaging and analysis of harvested root systems. Root growth was substantially reduced by water stress; the magnitude of reduction was similar for both rootstocks, but the percentage of shoot growth reduction was higher for MM.111. Root: shoot ratios were higher and average specific respiration rates over the growing season were lower for M.9 root systems. Water stress increased the root: shoot ratio, specific root length, and carbon costs of root maintenance as indicated by specific respiration rates. Soil/root respiration was more closely correlated than root electric capacitance with actual root system size. The observed r2 values between root capacitance and root dry weight were as high as 0.73, but root capacitance was also confounded by other factors, limiting its usefulness for nondestructive estimation of root size or activity. Rootstock genotype significantly affected root capacitance, which provided better estimates of root dry weight for M.9 than for MM.111.

scholarly journals Black Point Reaction of Durum and Common Wheat Cultivars Grown Under Irrigation in Southern Saskatchewan

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 892-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Fernandez ◽  
J. M. Clarke ◽  
R. M. DePauw ◽  
R. B. Irvine ◽  
R. E. Knox
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Black Point ◽  
Soft White Spring Wheat

Six durum (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) and six common (T. aestivum L.) wheat cultivars were compared for reaction to black point under irrigation at two locations in southern Saskatchewan in 1990 to 1992 and 1994. There were individual varietal differences in black point levels within each of the species. The Canada Western Soft White Spring wheat Fielder was the most susceptible and the Canada Western Red Spring wheat Katepwa was the most resistant to black point. The location-cultivar-year interaction was a significant source of variation and a crossover cultivar-environment interaction was significant, suggesting that rank order of cultivars differed with environment. The durum wheat had significantly higher black point levels than the common wheat cultivars in three of the seven environments conducive to black point, two of which were in 1992, and had high overall black point levels. This greater black point severity on the durum wheat cultivars might have been due to cool, wet weather conditions and frosts during seed development that delayed ripening.

scholarly journals Response of Durum Wheat Seedlings to Salinity

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet YILDIRIM ◽  
Ferhat KIZILGECI ◽  
Cuma AKINCI ◽  
Onder ALBAYRAK
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
The Impact

Salinity is an important source of abiotic stress, limiting crop performance in most arid and semi-arid areas of the world. This research was conducted to determine the effects of salinity on physiological parameters of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) genotypes. The research was conducted in the tissue culture laboratory at the Agriculture Faculty of Dicle University. The study consisted of one durum wheat commercial cultivar, five local cultivars and four advanced genotypes. There were three replications in a split-plot experimental design. Genotypes were germinated in four NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 mM) in plastic boxes. There were statistically assured significant differences among the genotypes for all salt concentrations and all observed parameters (coleoptile length, seedling length, root length, seedling fresh weight, root fresh weight, seedling dry weight, root dry weight, germination rate and seedling vigor). There was significant decrease in all examined parameters depending on the increase of salt concentration. The ‘Sorgul’ genotype was most tolerant to salinity, in terms of root length and root dry weight, whereas ‘Altintoprak 98’ was most tolerant as measured by the impact of salinity on coleoptile length, seedling fresh weight, germination rate and seedling vigour. The ‘Beyaziye’ genotype was the most sensitive to salinity-induced stress. The results from this study demonstrated differences among durum wheat genotypes for seedling parameters measured in the presence of salinity stress.

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