ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FORMED BY THE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE XIDATION OF SOILS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. GRIFFITH ◽  
M. SCHNITZER
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Phenolic Extraction ◽  
Soil Constituents

Two samples taken from tropical volcanic surface soils and one sample from a Canadian Podzol subsurface soil were oxidized with H2O2 under conditions usually employed for the removal of organic matter from soils prior to mineralogical analyses. Between 65 and 82% of the C but only between 23 and 36% of the N in the initial organic matter in the three soils was oxidized to volatile and water-soluble products. Among the latter, small amounts of about 40 different aliphatic and aromatic compounds were identified, most of which were phenolic. Extraction with organic solvents removed n-alkanes and n-fatty acids from H2O2-resistant organic matter, but most of the latter consisted of humic substances strongly bonded to or absorbed on inorganic soil constituents. H2O2-resistant fractions accounted in the case of two soils, initially rich in organic matter, for 12.0 and 7.5% of the air-dry weights of peroxidized soils. The presence of such substantial amounts of H2O2-resistant organic matter may interfere with the dispersion and mineralogical analysis of peroxidized soils, especially those with high initial organic matter contents.

scholarly journals Analyses of depositional environments of the Marcellus formation in New York using biomarker and trace metal proxies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reilly M. Blocho ◽  
Richard W. Smith ◽  
Mark R. Noll
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
New York ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
New York State ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Average Chain Length ◽  
Lipid Biomarker ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Biomarker Analysis ◽  
Marcellus Formation

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to observe how the composition of organic matter (OM) and the extent of anoxia during deposition within the Marcellus Formation in New York varied by distance from the sediment source in eastern New York. Lipid biomarkers (n-alkanes and fatty acids) in the extractable organic component (bitumen) of the shale samples were analyzed, and proxies such as the average chain length (ACL), aquatic to terrestrial ratio (ATR) and carbon preference index (CPI) of n-alkanes were calculated. Fatty acids were relatively non-abundant due to the age of the shale bed, but n-alkane distributions revealed that the primary component of the OM was terrigenous plants. The presence of shorter n-alkane chain lengths in the samples indicated that there was also a minor component of phytoplankton and algal (marine) sourced OM. Whole rock analyses were also conducted, and cerium anomalies were calculated as a proxy for anoxia. All samples had a negative anomaly value, indicating anoxic conditions during deposition. Two samples, however, contained values close to zero and thus were determined to have suboxic conditions. Anoxia and total organic matter (TOM) did not show any spatial trends across the basin, which may be caused by varying depths within the basin during deposition. A correlation between nickel concentrations and TOM was observed and indicates that algae was the primary source of the marine OM, which supports the lipid biomarker analysis. It was determined that the kerogen type of the Marcellus Formation in New York State is type III, consistent with a methane-forming shale bed.

scholarly journals Distinguishing molecular characteristics of aerosol water soluble organic matter from the 2011 trans-North Atlantic US GEOTRACES cruise

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 8419-8434 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Wozniak ◽  
A. S. Willoughby ◽  
S. C. Gurganus ◽  
P. G. Hatcher
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North American ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
North African ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Air Mass Trajectories ◽  
Two Samples

Abstract. The molecular characteristics of aerosol organic matter (OM) determines to a large extent its impacts on the atmospheric radiative budget and ecosystem function in terrestrial and aquatic environments, yet the OM molecular details of aerosols from different sources are not well established. Aerosol particulate samples with North American-influenced, North African-influenced, and marine (minimal recent continental influence) air mass back trajectories were collected as part of the 2011 trans-North Atlantic US GEOTRACES cruise and analyzed for their water soluble OM (WSOM) molecular characteristics using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis (PCA) separated the samples into five groups defined by distinct molecular formula characteristics. An abundance of nitrogen containing compounds with molecular formulas consistent with amino acid derivatives defined the two samples comprising the primary marine group (henceforth referred to as Primary Marine), which suggest a primary marine biological source to their WSOM in spite of their North American-influenced air mass trajectories. A second group of samples (aged marine, henceforth referred to as Aged Marine) with marine air mass trajectories was characterized by an abundance of low O / C (0.15–0.45) sulfur containing compounds consistent with organosulfate compounds formed via secondary aging reactions in the atmosphere. Several samples having North American-influenced air mass trajectories formed another group again characterized by organosulfate and nitrooxyorganosulfate type compounds with higher O / C ratios (0.5–1.0) than the Aged Marine samples reflecting the combustion influence from the North American continent. All the samples with North African-influenced air mass trajectories were grouped together in the PCA and were characterized by a lack of heteroatom (N, S, P) containing molecular formulas covering a wide O / C range (0.15–0.90) reflecting the desert source of this WSOM. The two marine groups showed molecular formulas that, on average, had higher H / C ratios and lower O / C ratios and modified aromaticity indices than the two continentally influenced groups, which suggests that these properties are characteristic of marine vs. continental aerosol WSOM. The final sample group, the mixed source samples (henceforth referred to as Mixed Source), showed intermediate molecular characteristics, which suggests no dominant continental or marine source. The source-specific OM details described here will aid efforts to link aerosol OM source with molecular characteristics and impacts in the environment.

A method for determining the degree of humification of soil organic matter

1925 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Robinson ◽  
J. O. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Soluble State

(1) Hydrogen peroxide oxidises or renders soluble a portion of the organic matter of soils. It appears to be without action on fibrous organic substances such as cellulose and lignins. Humified material seems to be oxidised completely or brought into a water soluble state.(2) Treatment with hydrogen peroxide is proposed as the basis of a method for estimating the approximate degree of humification of soil organic matter.(3) Among the soils examined, the highest degree of humification is found in peats and uncultivated soils. It is possible that the degree of humification is correlated with the prevalence of anaerobic conditions.

SOME ASPECTS OF SELENIUM RELATIONSHIPS IN EASTERN CANADIAN SOILS AND PLANTS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. LÉVESQUE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Humic Compounds ◽  
Eastern Zone ◽  
The Status ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
P Addition ◽  
Soil Constituents

The status of native and applied selenium (Se) in various soils and plants was assessed while the level of phosphorus (P) and humic compounds varied in the growth medium. The addition of 1.5 ppm of selenite-Se was found adequate to maintain a suitable Se content in alfalfa plants grown on a loam and a clay soil. Under greenhouse conditions, the lasting effect of the treatment would extend much beyond a 15-mo period of cropping. Although the incorporation of fulvic acid (FA) into the soil increased the water-soluble fraction of total Se, FA had a depressing effect on the Se content of the alfalfa plants. The effect of P addition on the uptake of native Se by alfalfa and corn plants was generally positive; for lettuce, however, P reduced the uptake markedly. The water-soluble Se was found to be of doubtful value as an index of Se availability for Se-deficient soils; but it was a useful criterion for assessing the behavior of Se applied to soil. Se in soils was closely assocated with organic matter and/or with organic matter-iron complexes; this association influenced the behavior of Se in the root zone, and its uptake by plants. It was concluded that, in the temperate eastern zone of North America, Se addition to Se-deficient soils would be a practical method of correcting Se deficiency. Se adequacy in plants grown on certain soils could be obtained through ordinary fertilization; but it is necessary, for a better control of Se in plants and soils, to clarify further the interactions of Se with P, organic matter, and other soil constituents.

scholarly journals Distinguishing molecular characteristics of aerosol water soluble organic matter from the 2011 trans-North Atlantic US GEOTRACES cruise

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 6427-6470 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Wozniak ◽  
A. S. Willoughby ◽  
S. C. Gurganus ◽  
P. G. Hatcher
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North American ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
North African ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Air Mass Trajectories ◽  
Two Samples

Abstract. The molecular characteristics of aerosol organic matter (OM) determines to a large extent its impacts on the atmospheric radiative budget and ecosystem function in terrestrial and aquatic environments, yet the molecular details of aerosol OM from different sources are not well established. Aerosol particulate samples having North American-influenced, North African-influenced, and marine (minimal recent continental influence) air mass back trajectories were collected as part of the 2011 trans-North Atlantic US GEOTRACES cruise and analyzed for their water soluble OM (WSOM) molecular characteristics using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis (PCA) separated the samples into five groups defined by distinct molecular formula characteristics. An abundance of nitrogen containing compounds with molecular formulas consistent with amino acid derivatives defined the two samples comprising the Primary Marine group suggesting a primary marine biological source to their WSOM in spite of their North American-influenced air mass trajectories. A second group of samples (Aged Marine) having primarily marine air mass trajectories was characterized by an abundance of low O / C (0.15–0.45) sulfur containing compounds consistent with organosulfate compounds formed via secondary aging reactions in the atmosphere. Several samples having North American-influenced air mass trajectories formed another group again characterized by organosulfate and nitrooxyorganosulfate type compounds with higher O / C ratios (0.5–1.0) than the Aged Marine samples reflecting the combustion influence from the North American continent. All the samples having North African-influenced air mass trajectories grouped together in the PCA and were characterized by a lack of heteroatom (N, S, P) containing molecular formulas covering a wide O / C range (0.15–0.90) reflecting the desert source of this WSOM. The two marine groups showed molecular formulas that, on average, had higher O / C ratios and lower O / C ratios and modified aromaticity indices than the two continentally-influenced groups suggesting these properties are characteristic of marine vs. continental aerosol WSOM. The final sample group, the Mixed Source samples, showed intermediate molecular characteristics suggesting no dominant continental or marine source. The source-specific OM details described here will aid efforts to link aerosol OM source with molecular characteristics and impacts in the environment.

Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotective Effects of Polyimides (PI) and Polyphenylenevinylene (PPV) against Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Norfaezah Mazalan ◽  
Mazatulikhma Mat Zain ◽  
Nor Saliyana Jumali ◽  
Norhanim Mohalid ◽  
Zurina Shaameri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Neuronal Cells ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Brain Delivery ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Novel Drugs

Recently, research and development in the field of drug delivery systems (DDS) facilitating site-specific therapy has reached significant progression. DDS based on polymer micelles, coated micro- and nanoparticles, and various prodrug systems including water-soluble polymer have been prepared and extensively studied as novel drugs designed for cancer chemotherapy and brain delivery. Since polymers are going to be used in human, this study has the interest of testing two types of polymer, polyimides (PI) and polyphenylenevinylene (PPV) on neuronal cells. The objective of this study was to determine the possible neurotoxicity and potential neuroprotective effects of PI and PPV towards SH-SY5Y neuronal cells challenged by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant. Cells were pretreated with either PI or PPV for 1 hour followed by incubation for 24 hour with 100 µM of H2O2. MTS assay was used to assess cell viability. Results show that PI and PPV are not harmful within the concentration up to 10 µM and 100 µM, respectively. However, PI and PPV do not protect neuronal cells against toxicity induced by H2O2 or further up the cell death.

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