Development and validation of standardization methods of aqueous sapropel extract

Methodological bases and uniform standardization criteria of humic compounds as substances for drug products have not been developed yet. This is due to the structural complexity of humic compounds, the variety of ways to extract them from natural objects, the impossibility of using many classical methods of analytical chemistry to identify and quantify humic substances (HS), the lack of standard samples. The identification of humic acids (HA) in the aqueous sapropel extract (ASE) is identified after extracting from ASE by alkaline hydrolysis by the quantification method. After further precipitation with a concentrated sulfuric acid solution characteristic dark brown color is appeared. It was carried out the HA extraction from the sample of ASE, the precipitation of HA, the oxidation of HA and Mohr’s salt titration in accordance with the methodology developed on the basis of SSTU 7083:2009. It was determined that the total mass fraction of HA in the ASE sample was 83.8 mg/g± 0.12%. The methods of identification and quantification of the total mass of HA in ASE have been developed and validated. The ASE has been standardized.

IMPORTANCE OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES FOR STABILIZING SOIL AGGREGATES AND CENTRAL REACTIONS EXPLANATION IN SOIL: A REVIEW

Humic substances have an essential function in soil fertility and are viewed as being of prime importance for soil aggregation stability. Humic substances as part of humus-soil organic matter are chemicals generated from the biomolecules physically, chemical and microbiologically (humifying). It is essential since it is the most pervasive biological material source, which nature knows. Roughly 80 percent of total carbon is produced with terrestrial humic compounds and 60 percent of the water dissolved carbon. During the last three decades there have been challenges in two major approaches, the concept of soil humic substances. Much of the organic aromatic soil originates from the carbon that is frequently known as black carbon (black carbon). However, the detection of benzene polycarboxylic acid markers and the UV technique in soil with two commonly used methods is not trustworthy. Polymerisation of phenolic compounds produced from the breakdown and synthesis of lignin microorganisms may result in a wide number of humic chemicals and components including organic molecules and inorganic molecules. The addition of e.g., triazines or tensile compounds that cause to bound residues in the humic matrix demonstrates that humic substances are crucial for clarifying critical soil processes. Plant nutrients, comprising p, fe and cu, are available in soil this is equally essential to understand and can directly influence the growth of higher plants in the soil.

Features of isothermal crystallization of ammonium sulphate

Soil fertility is rapidly decreasing due to irrational land use, erosion and soil pollution and adverse weather conditions. The use of composite granular organic-mineral fertilizers that contain mineral and organic components allows the soil fertility to be increased in the most effective and safe manner for the environment. In the production of granular composite fertilizers in a fluidized bed granulator, the process of isothermal mass crystallization is the main parameter that affects the quality. The effect of impurities on the morphological structure of ammonium sulfate microcrystals during mass crystallization on the surface was investigated by means of microscopic analysis. The influence of temperature and pH of the solution on the structure and shape of the microcrystal layer was studied. The process of mass crystallization depends on the presence of impurities, pH and temperature. Given the fact that there is no analytical or theoretical dependence describing the influence of impurities on the morphological structure, the influence is determined experimentally. The presence of even a small content of surfactants and other impurities in the ammonium sulfate solution has a significant effect on the morphological structure of ammonium sulfate microcrystals, which is revealed as reduction in the concentration of impurities in ammonium sulfate obtained by coke-chemical method. The pH level of the medium affects the structure and shape of microcrystals: smaller crystals with a layered structure are formed in the case of weakly alkaline medium with pH = 8 and smaller microcrystals with a granular structure are formed in the case of pH = 4. Therefore, it is important to maintain the required pH level of the medium during the mass crystallization of ammonium sulfate. In isothermal mass crystallization of saturated aqueous solutions of ammonium sulfate with humic compounds and bone meal proceeding on a surface with temperature 90 °C, small elongated crystals with microcrystal sizes from 10 to 100 μm are formed. Impurities of bone meal and humic compounds in the form of inclusions are placed between the crystals of ammonium sulfate: namely, the endosegregation of impurities in the microcrystalline framework is observed. As the concentration of organic matter in the solution increases, which crystallizes as droplets on the surface, rubble and dendrites are formed outside the initial droplet placement. This phenomenon is explained by the increase of diffusion resistance at the center of the drop; as a result, ammonium sulfate crystallizes in the zone with lower resistance. The process of isothermal mass crystallization of saturated aqueous solutions of ammonium sulfate with admixtures of humic compounds, bone meal and other target components in the specified ratios will create new highly effective fertilizers. The obtained results allow formulating theoretical bases for the formation of solid structures based on ammonium sulfate with admixtures of organic and mineral components.

Humic Substances: Its Toxicology, Chemistry and Biology Associated with Soil, Plants and Environment

In recent decades, scientists in different disciplines have been increasingly concerned about the fate of natural organic matter, and in particular of humic substances (HS). The term humic substances (HS) incorporates refractory autochthonous and terrestrial organic matter in the soil and aquatic ecosystem, and are one of the key fractions of natural organic matter. These substances are important chelators of trace elements constituting complex class of molecular structures that occur naturally, consisting of aggregation and assembly processes in which biomolecules derived from plant and animal residues are gradually transformed through biotic and abiotic tracts. Since these organic compounds are bound by or linked with soil mineral fractions, they must be physically or chemically separated from the inorganic components by an extraction method before their physico-chemical study. This chapter focuses on the chemo-toxicological, molecular aspects of humic compounds and their derivatives such as humins, fulvic acids, humic acids etc., with their agricultural, biomedical, environmental and biochemical applications. In addition to studying their impact on plant physiology and soil microstructure to expand our understanding about humic compounds.

Change in Abundance and Activity of Microbocenoses in the Area of Influence of a Large Landslide at the Bureya Reservoir

The results of field and experimental microbiological studies of water, soil, and rock samples in the influence zone of large landslide are presented. The landslide occurred in December 2018 and blocked the Bureya Reservoir from coast to coast. An artificial channel was created to restore the hydrological regime with the use of TNT (trinitrotoluene) and RDX (hexogen). A comparative analysis of the abundance of cultivated heterotrophic bacteria around the landslide body and in the artificial channel is carried out. The activity of microbial communities in relation to easily available (peptone, lactate, and starch) and difficult-to-mineralize humic compounds is also determined. With the use of spectrometry and gas chromatography, it is shown that an increase in the diversity of aromatic compounds in water is accompanied by an increase in the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria. A number of toxic substances, including methanol and methylated benzene derivatives, are found among the dominant components in the water. Its concentrations increased after the water drained through the landslide body and after imploding works. Many of the volatile organic compounds may have been products of microbial metabolism when water interacts with rocks. A hypothesis on the role of methanotrophic and methylotrophic bacteria in the genesis of methanol and toluene is discussed.

Oil Palm Empty Bunch Compost as a Source of Humic Acid

Humic acid is a fraction of humic compounds that are part of soil organic matter. In this research, humic acid is extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches compost. Compost is made from the process of counting the empty oil palm bunches, which are composted until the compost is cooked. The humic acid extraction process uses a strong base extraction method. The principle of humic acid extraction is to dissolve the humic compound with a base solution and then separate it by adding an acid solution (HCl solution). The extraction of humic acid from oil palm empty fruit bunches compost produced blackish-brown humic acid with a yield of 4.895%. The result showed that the main functional group content of palm oil empty fruit bunches compost humic acid was the -OH group and phenol group which had a conjugated carbonyl group and a more aliphatic humic acid structure. Quantitatively, the functional groups of humic acid functional groups each amounted to a total acidity of 7,400 cmol/kg, a carboxylic group of 520 cmol/kg, and a phenolic -OH group content of 6,880 cmol/kg. Research results show that oil palm empty fruit bunches compost can be used as a source of humic acid.

Suppression of Methane Generation during Methanogenesis by Chemically Modified Humic Compounds

The introduction of various concentrations of chemically modified humic compounds (HC) with different redox characteristics into the media with free and immobilized anaerobic consortia accumulating landfill gases was studied as approach to their functioning management. For this purpose, quinone (hydroquinone, naphthoquinone or methylhydroquinone) derivatives of HC were synthesized, which made it possible to vary the redox and antioxidant properties of HC as terminal electron acceptors in methanogenic systems. The highest acceptor properties were obtained with potassium humate modified by naphthoquinone. To control possible negative effect of HC on the cells of natural methanogenic consortia, different bioluminescent analytical methods were used. The addition of HC derivatives, enriched with quinonones, to nutrient media at concentrations above 1 g/L decreased the energetic status of cells and the efficiency of the methanogenesis. For the first time, the significant decrease in accumulation of biogas was reached as effect of synthetic HC derivatives, whereas both notable change of biogas composition towards increase in the CO2 content and decrease in CH4 were revealed. Thus, modification with quinones makes it possible to obtain low-potential HC derivatives with strongly pronounced acceptor properties, promising for inhibition of biogas synthesis by methanogenic communities.