LOSS OF ORGANIC MATTER AND POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN FROM SASKATCHEWAN SOILS DUE TO CROPPING

Although it is known that considerable loss in total organic matter has occurred due to cultivation of prairie soils, there is little information on changes in the fertility-related fraction of the organic matter. Twelve prairie surface soils representing paired virgin and cultivated coarse-, medium-, and fine-textured soils from the Brown, Dark Brown, and thin Black Chernozem and Gray Luvisol soil zones were analyzed and used to assess changes in total C, N and potentially mineralizable N. Cropping caused large losses of organic C (41–53%) and N (31–56%), but losses of potentially mineralizable N (N0) were even greater for the Chernozems (55–67%) though not for the Gray Luvisols. N0 in virgin soils ranged between 133 and 401 μg N/g soil and increased from Gray Luvisol to Brown to Dark Brown to thin Black Chernozem. In cultivated soils, N0 was generally similar among soil zones and values ranged between 66 and 141 μg N/g soil. Medium-textured soils generally had the greatest organic matter content and N0. The active N fraction (N0/N) ranged between 4 and 20.5% and was greatest in Brown soils and in the coarser-textured soils. Losses of organic matter, N0, and N0/N were greatest from the coarser-textured soils. The findings of this study help to explain why a significant portion of prairie soils now require N fertilizer even after being summer-fallowed.

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CADMIUM IN DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES AND ITS AVAILABILITY IN SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC MATTER AND ADDITIONS OF LIME, P, Cd AND Zn

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss76-021 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 129-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

A. J. MACLEAN

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Plant Species ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Acid Soil ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Acid Soils ◽

Matter Content ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Organic C ◽

Plant Parts

The Cd concentration in 10 plant species grown in a neutral surface soil (0.65 ppm Cd) varied from 0.18 ppm in potato tubers to 0.99 ppm in soybean roots on a dry matter basis. Addition of 5 ppm Cd increased the concentrations in the plants markedly and they were particularly high in lettuce (10.36 ppm) and tobacco leaves (11.57 ppm). Cd concentrations tended to be lower in the edible portion (seed, fruit, tubers) than in other plant parts. Added Cd affected yields in only a few instances. But in another experiment, Cd added at a rate of 5 ppm to five soils decreased the yield of lettuce in most instances. In a comparison of results for two similarly managed sandy loam soils, nearly neutral in reaction but differing in organic matter content (2.17 vs. 15.95% organic C), the concentration of Cd was lower in lettuce grown in the soil with the higher amount of organic matter. The Cd content of the lettuce was reduced by liming some of the acid soils. Addition of Cd increased the concentration of Zn in the plants appreciably, but added Zn did not affect Cd uptake. In an incubation experiment comprising five soils, DTPA (diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid) extractable Cd decreased with liming of three Cd-treated acid soil samples. In comparisons of two sandy loam soils and of surface and subsoil layers of a sand, extractable Cd increased with higher amounts of soil organic matter.

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Effect of crop rotations and fertilization on soil organic matter and some biochemical properties of a thick Black Chernozem

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss91-036 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 377-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 115

Author(s):

C. A. Campbell ◽

R. P. Zentner ◽

K. E. Bowren ◽

L. Townley-Smith ◽

M. Schnitzer

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Matter Content ◽

Organic C ◽

Cropping Frequency

The effects of crop rotation and various cultural practices on soil organic matter and some biochemical characteristics of a heavy-textured, Orthic Black Chernozem with a thick A horizon were determined after 31 yr at Melfort, Saskatchewan. Treatments investigated included: fertilization, cropping frequency, green manuring, and inclusion of grass-legume hay crops in predominantly spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) systems. The results showed that neither soil organic C nor N in the top 15 cm of soil, nor hydrolyzable amino acids, nor C mineralized in 14 d at 20 °C were influenced by fertilization. However, the relative molar distribution (RMD) of the amino acids reflected the influence of fertilization and the phase (Rot-yr) of the legume green manure rotation sampled. Some characteristics assessed increased marginally with increasing cropping frequency but differences were less marked than results obtained earlier in a heavy-textured Black Chernozem with a thin A horizon at Indian Head, Saskatchewan. The relationship between soil organic matter or C mineralization versus estimated crop residues, residue C, or residue N returned to the land over the 31-yr period, were not significant in the Melfort soil. This contrasts with our findings for the thin Black soil. We speculate that the lack of soil organic matter response in the Melfort soil was due to its very high organic matter content (about 64 t ha−1C and 6.5 t ha−1N in the top 15 cm). We also hypothesized that the amino acid RMD results, which differed from most of those reported in the literature, may be reflecting the more recent cropping history of the soil. This aspect requires further research into the composition and distribution of the humic materials in this soil. Key words: Amino acids, relative molar distribution, C respiration, green manures, fertilization

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The influence of grain growing on the nitrogen and organic matter content of the western prairie soils of Canada

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600005657 ◽

1925 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 162-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Frank T. Shutt

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Great Depth ◽

Matter Content ◽

High Fertility ◽

American Continent ◽

Prairie Soils ◽

Agricultural Areas

Canada's western prairies, lying within the confines of the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, are generally recognised as comprising one of the largest and most important agricultural areas on the American continent. The immense acreage of their arable lands, the great depth and high fertility of their soils and the unexcelled quality of their wheat, have made them widely and favourably known throughout the civilised world. As yet but sparsely settled they will for many years offer a large and attractive field for agricultural occupation and development.

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Decomposition of plant material in Australian soils .IV. Decomposition in situ of 14C labeled and 15N labeled legume and wheat materials in a range of southern Australian soils

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9870095 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 95 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

M Amato ◽

JN Ladd ◽

A Ellington ◽

G Ford ◽

JE Mahoney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Matter Content ◽

Organic N ◽

Root Decomposition ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Organic C

14C- and 15N-labelled wheat straw, and tops or roots of a pasture legume (either Medicago littoralis or Trifolium subterraneum) were incorporated into topsoils at 12 field sites in southern Australia. These sites were representative of soil types widely used for wheat growing in each region. The soils varied markedly in their physical and chemical properties (e.g. pH, texture and organic matter content). Based on amounts of residual I4C (averaged for all sites), the legume tops decomposed more extensively than did wheat straw, especially soon after incorporation. To a lesser extent the legume tops decomposed more extensively than legume roots, and T. subterraneum tops more than M. littoralis tops; root decomposition for both legumes was similar. For example, after 1 year, the residual organic 14C from wheat straw, M. littoralis tops, T. subterraneum tops and legume roots accounted for 48%, 41%, 38% and 54% of their respective inputs. After two years, residual 14C of wheat straw accounted for 30% of the input. Differences in decomposition due to climate and soil properties were generally small, but at times were statistically significant; these differences related positively with rainfall and negatively with soil clay content, but showed no relationship with pH or soil organic C and N. Some N was mineralized from all plant materials, the greatest from legume tops, the least from wheat straw. After 1 year, residual organic 15N accounted for 56%, 63% and 78% respectively of input l5N from legume tops and roots and from wheat straw. The influence of climate and soil properties on amounts of residual organic I5N was small and generally was consistent with those found for residual 14C. AS an exception, the residual organic 15N from wheat straw was negatively related to soil organic N levels, whereas residual I5N of legume tops and roots and residual 14C of all plant materials were not influenced by soil organic matter levels. These results are discussed in terms of the turnover of N in soils amended with isotope labelled plant materials of different available C:N ratios.

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Nitrogen Mineralization Potential (No) in Three Kenyan Soils, Nitisols, Ferralsols and Luvisols

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v10n4p69 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

George N. Karuku ◽

Benson O. Mochoge

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Mineralization ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Matter Content ◽

Soil Types ◽

Mineral N ◽

Growing Period ◽

Mineralizable N ◽

Mineralization Potential ◽

Potentially Mineralizable N

Nitrogen mineralization potential is important so as to prevent over-fertilization that could lead to groundwater contamination or under-fertilization that could lead to poor nutrient provision by crops leading to low yields. Three soil types were selected on the basis of groups, agro-ecological zone, organic matter content and land use. The soil samples were taken from the 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth. The samples were placed in incubation bags, water added to field capacity, sealed and incubated in laboratory at room temperature. The bags were opened at intervals of two weeks and soil sub-samples taken for analysis of mineral N for a period of 17 weeks. The calculated mineralizable N was 138.8 μg N and 116.4 μg N/g for Gituamba andosols, 46.0 μg N and 46.4 μg N/g for Kitale ferralsol and 260.1 μg N and 197.3 μg N/g soil for Katumani luvisols in the 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth, respectively. These calculated values compared well with the actual cumulative mineralizable N for Gituamba andosols at 127 μg N and 74.1 μg N/g, for Kitale ferralsols at 48.0 μg N and 64.1 μg N/g and for Katumani 80.6 μg N and 47.7 μg N/g soil in the 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth, respectively. The time taken for 50% of potentially mineralizable N to be mineralized (t½) ranged from 6.3 weeks for Katumani luvisols 15-30 cm to 30.1 weeks for Kitale ferralsols 0-15 cm soil depths. The soils with highest rate constant (k) had the least. For example, 15-30 cm depth of Katumani luvisols with of 6.3 weeks had the highest k of 0.112 week-1 compared with Kitale ferralsols 0-15 cm depth with t½ of 30.1 weeks and the lowest k of 0.023 week-1. The observed data indicates that 50% of N would be mineralized in all the soil types with the exception of Kitale ferralsols (0-15 cm depth) within the growing period of the crops which is approximately 20 weeks.

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Potassium in soils under different cropping systems:2. The effects of cropping systems on the retention by the soils of added K not used by crops

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600069550 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 553-561 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. M. Addiscott ◽

A. E. Johnston

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Matter Content ◽

Organic C ◽

K Fertilizer ◽

The Difference ◽

Better Than

SUMMARYThe K balance, the difference between K added as fertilizer or farmyard manure (FYM) and K removed by the crops, was calculated for soils from the Classical and Ley-Arable experiments at Rothamsted and for the Woburn Ley-Arable experiment, for the duration of each experiment. Linear regressions on K balance accounted for 78% of the variation in exchangeable K (Ke) and for 83% in K uptake by ryegrass (KP) in the Classical experiments, for 56 and60% respectively in the Ley-Arable experiments at Rothamsted, and for 39 and 6% in the Woburn Ley-Arable experiment.Regressions of Ke and Kp on K balance suggested that, in the Rothamsted Ley-Arable experiments, rather more than half of the K balance remained extractable by ryegrass from the plots with a rotation of crops, and apparently all of the K balance from those under continuous grass. About one-fifth of the K balance remained extractable by ryegrass from the soils in the Rothamsted Classical experiments and soils given FYM retained K slightly better than other soils. With all soils about half the K extractable by ryegrass was exchangeable to ammonium acetate.The plots with FYM or under continuous grass contain more organic matter than other plots in the same experiments. The following possible effects of increasing the organic matter content of the soils were investigated by calculating the multiple regressions of K, and KB on K balance with either percentage of organic C, total CEC, or organic CEC:(1) loss of K decreased by increasing the water retention and lessening leaching;(2) improved K retention by increasing the total cation exchange capacity (CEC) available for K absorption;(3) improved K retention by a mechanism arising from the different selectivities of clay and organic matter for K relative to Ca.In the Classical experiments, where organic matter usually increases because of FYM additions, effect (2) seems the most probable, perhaps because the K given in the FYM was already absorbed by organic exchange sites. In the Ley–Arable experiments, where the K was given mainly as soluble K fertilizer and the organic matter develops mainly under grass, effects (1) or (3) seemed to operate, probably simultaneously.The Woburn Ley-Arable experiment had no continuous grass plots, the soils differed little in organic matter content and no deductions could be made.

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MOVEMENT OF PICLORAM IN SOIL COLUMNS

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss73-045 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 307-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. GROVER

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Clay Soil ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Canadian Prairie ◽

Prairie Soils ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Water Holding

The movement of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) was studied in various Canadian Prairie soils, using soil columns. Picloram was readily leached in all soil types. The movement was greatest in the soil with the lowest organic matter and clay contents, and lowest in black soils that are high in soil organic matter content. It was related, in general, to the adsorptive and water-holding capacities of these soils. The extent of leaching of picloram was also related to the total amount of water applied; the greater the amount o¡ water the greater the downward movement. Increasing the intensity of water increments from 0.25 to 2.5 cm enhanced the movement of picloram in the clay soil but had no effect in the sandy loam. There was little or no difference in the movement of picloram when the herbicide was applied at 2.0 or 0.2 kg/ha, Picloram leached to a greater depth when the sandy loam soil was initially dry than wet and the converse was true for the clay soil. Picloram moved readily upwards when the soil columns were subirrigated.

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Cation exchange and buffer potential of Saskatchewan soils estimated from texture, organic matter and pH

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s97-015 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

pp. 621-626 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

D. Curtin ◽

H. P. W. Rostad

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Cation Exchange ◽

Buffer Capacity ◽

Ph Dependence ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Matter Content ◽

Soil Survey ◽

Data Set ◽

Organic C

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) data provide information on important chemical attributes of soil (e.g., ability of soil to retain cations against leaching and to buffer pH). Measurements of CEC are expensive to perform. Further, since CEC is dependent on measurement pH, CEC data are difficult to interpret, especially in the case of soils whose field pH is far removed from measurement pH. We analyzed a large data set (n = 1622), collected in support of soil survey activities in Saskatchewan, to develop a method of estimating CEC as a function of pH and to establish relationships between soil buffer capacity and properties such as texture and organic matter content. A regression equation with organic C and clay as independent variables explained 86% of the variability in CEC measured using BaCl2 buffered at pH 8.2. The CECs (at pH 8.2) of organic matter and clay were estimated at 2130 and 510 mmol (+) kg−1, respectively. About 15% of exchange sites were not accounted for by organic matter and clay and were assumed to reside in the fine silt fraction. The CEC at field pH, i.e., effective CEC (ECEC), was described (R2 = 0.86***) by a function based on the assumption that the ECECs of organic matter and clay increase linearly as pH increases to 8.2, where their values are 2130 and 510 mmol (+) kg−1, respectively. This relationship is especially useful because it enables soil CEC to be estimated at any pH based solely on organic matter and texture. Soil buffer capacity values were obtained by estimating the change in soil ECEC (or titratable acidity) needed to produce a unit change in pH. Buffer strength of clay was low [∼30–50 mmol (±) kg−1 (pH unit)−1]. Our estimates of organic matter buffer capacity [∼400 mmol (±) kg−1 (pH unit)−1] were consistent with published values. The results suggest that prairie soils that are low in organic matter may be susceptible to acidification even if clay content is relatively high. Key words: Buffered CEC, effective CEC, pH dependence of CEC, buffer capacity, titratable acidity

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PENGARUH BATUAN INDUK DAN KIMIA TANAH TERHADAP POTENSI KESUBURAN TANAH DI KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SULA, PROVINSI MALUKU UTARA

Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian ◽

10.21082/jpptp.v22n3.2019.p342-352 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 342

Author(s):

Himawan Bayu Aji ◽

Amiruddin Teapon

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Fertility ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Source Rocks ◽

Soil Reaction ◽

Organic C ◽

Fertility Status ◽

Fertility Potential ◽

Soil Fertility Status

ABSTRACT Effect of Source Rocks and Soil Chemical Towards Land Fertility Potential in Sula Kepulauan District, North Maluku Province. The study aimed to determine the condition of soil fertility potential. Parameters used as the basis of assessment of potential fertility of the soil were the type of main rock, weathering processes and mineral content of the native rock while chemically research was emphased on organic matter content, soil pH, CEC, base saturity and essential nutrients (N, P, K). General lithology in the study area were grouped into rocks and rock volkan sediman. Aluvio-marine sedimentary rocks and aluvio-collovium were deposition materials from a variety of rocks in the study contained a number of nutrients and organic matter. Meanhile volkan rocks included basalt and andesite-granidiorit neutral to alkaline. Contained elements that produced fertile lands both physically and chemically. Based on the analysis, the average soil was classified as slightly acid (pH 5.6). The lower layers of soil reaction on average relatively was acidic (pH 5.1). Soil organic matter in the form of organic-C showed the top layer of a low average (1.58%), whilst the layer below average was very low (0.83%). CEC soil layers above and below the average were moderate (20.66 me/100 g) and (19.6 me/100 g). Base saturations (KB) to these two layers of soil on top and below the average were classified as moderate (55%) and (51%). Levels of nitrogen (N-total) topsoil with layers below average are low valued (0.18%) and (0.11%). Classified as very low, phosporus level in both layers were above the average which were 5.40 ppm and 3.10 ppm respectively. Potassiums were very low in the second layer of 5.13 mg/100 g and 3.81 mg/100 g. The parameters used to assess soil fertility status were CEC, KB, P2O5 which were extracted with HCl 25%, and K2O was extracted with HCl 25% and C-organic soil. Potential assessment of soil fertility status based on lithology and soil chemistry acquired the status of soil fertility was low.Keywords: potential soil fertility, maint rock, chemical ABSTRAK Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi kesuburan tanah potensial. Parameter yang dijadikan dasar penilaian potensi kesuburan tanah adalah jenis, proses pelapukan, dan kandungan mineral batuan induk sedangkan secara kimia penelitian ditekankan pada kandungan bahan organik, pH tanah, KTK, KB, dan unsur hara esensial (N, P, K). Secara umum litologi di wilayah studi dikelompokan ke dalam batuan sediman dan batuan volkan. Batuan sedimen aluvio-marine dan aluvio-koluvium merupakan bahan-bahan endapan dari berbagai batuan di wilayah studi yang banyak mengandung unsur hara dan bahan organik. Batuan volkan meliputi andesit-basal dan granidiorit bersifat netral sampai basa, mengandung unsur-unsur yang menghasilkan tanah-tanah subur baik secara fisik maupun kimia. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tanah pH rata-rata tergolong agak masam (pH 5,6). Lapisan bawah reaksi tanah rata-rata tergolong masam (pH 5,1). Bahan organik tanah dalam bentuk C-organik menunjukkan pada lapisan atas rata-rata rendah (1,58%), sementara lapisan bawah rata-rata sangat rendah (0,83%). KTK tanah lapisan atas maupun bawah rata-rata tergolong sedang (20,7 me/100 gram) dan (19,6 me/100 gram). Kejenuhan basa (KB) tanah pada keduan lapisan atas dan bawah rata-rata tergolong sedang yaitu (55%) dan (51%). Kadar nitrogen (N-total) tanah lapisan atas sama dengan lapisan bawah rata-rata tergolong rendah (0,18%) dan (0,11%). Kadar fosor (P2O5) tergolong sangat rendah, di kedua lapisan atas rata-rata sebesar 5,40 dan 3,10 me/100g. Unsur hara kalium (K2O) sangat rendah pada kedua lapisan 5,13 mg/100 gram dan 3,81 mg/100 gram. Parameter yang digunakan untuk menilai status kesuburan tanah yaitu KTK, KB, P2O5 yang diesktrak dengan HCl 25%, sedangkan K2O diekstrak dengan HCl 25% dan C-organik tanah. Penilaian potensi status kesuburan tanah berdasarkan litologi dan kimia tanah diperoleh status kesuburan tanah tergolong rendah.Kata kunci: kesuburan tanah potensial, batuan induk, kimia

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HEAVY METAL SPECIATION IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE VYSHNEVOLOTSKY RESERVOIR

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology ◽

10.33623/0579-9406-2018-3-46-54 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 46-54

Author(s):

O. A. Lipatnikova

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Bottom Sediments ◽

Metal Speciation ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Water Reservoir ◽

Matter Content ◽

Heavy Metal Speciation ◽

Mobile Forms ◽

Manganese Hydroxides

The study of heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments of the Vyshnevolotsky water reservoir is presented in this paper. Sequential selective procedure was used to determine the heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments and thermodynamic calculation — to determine ones in interstitial water. It has been shown that Mn are mainly presented in exchangeable and carbonate forms; for Fe, Zn, Pb и Co the forms are related to iron and manganese hydroxides is played an important role; and Cu and Ni are mainly associated with organic matter. In interstitial waters the main forms of heavy metal speciation are free ions for Zn, Ni, Co and Cd, carbonate complexes for Pb, fulvate complexes for Cu. Effects of particle size and organic matter content in sediments on distribution of mobile and potentially mobile forms of toxic elements have been revealed.

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