scholarly journals Stomatal variability of native warm-season grasses from the Nebraska Sandhills

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tala Awada ◽  
Lowell E. Moser ◽  
Walter H. Schacht ◽  
Patrick E. Reece
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Stomatal Characteristics ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Nebraska Sandhills ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Sand Bluestem ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Soil moisture deficit is usually the major limiting factor for herbage production in the Sandhills of Nebraska. We examined inter-population and interspecific variability in stomatal characteristics and drought tolerance in sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii Vitman), little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash], prairie sandreed [Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook) Scribn.], and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Ramets were collected during the dormant season across an aridity gradient from east to west (ranging from 560 mm to 340 mm average annual precipitation) in the Sandhills of Nebraska. Plants were grown in individual pots under greenhouse conditions. Once plants were well established, stomatal characteristics were determined and stomatal conductance (gs) was measured through a dry-down period of no watering. Populations did not differ in stomatal characteristics across the gradient, except for stomatal density on the adaxial leaf surface of prairie sandreed and the abaxial leaf surface of sand bluestem. Leaves of switchgrass and prairie sandreed were amphistomatic (stomata on both leaf surfaces), whereas leaves of little bluestem and sand bluestem were hypostomatic (stomata on the lower leaf surface). In the absence of drought, gs was 17 to 31% higher in little bluestem than in other species. Differences among species in gs were found mainly when watered and disappeared as the dry-down progressed. There was a positive relationship between stomatal density and gs in all species except prairie sandreed. Prairie sandreed maintained 35% of the initial relative water content of its leaves after 17 d of dry-down, compared to 23% for sand bluestem, 14% for switchgrass, and 9% for little bluestem. Variation in stomatal traits within species did not explain ecotypic adaptation to sites with a range of precipitation in the Nebraska Sandhills. Key words: Stomatal characteristics, water stress, warm season grasses, Nebraska Sandhills

RESPONSE OF THREE WARM-SEASON GRASSES TO VARYING FERTILITY LEVELS ON FIVE SOILS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. TAYLOR ◽  
D. W. ALLINSON
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Big Bluestem ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Animal production in New England has been limited by inadequate forage during mid- to late summer when cool-season grasses are in summer dormancy. Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman), indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) are warm-season grasses that may be a perennial source of summer forage. Since production of these warm-season grasses would be limited to the less fertile soils of the region, a greenhouse study was conducted to examine the growth and quality of these species in five acid, infertile soils as well as fertilizer-amended soils. The soils were fertilized with limestone (L), limestone plus nitrogen (LN), limestone, nitrogen plus phosphorus (LNP), and limestone, nitrogen, phosphorus plus potassium (LNPK). Limestone was applied to adjust soils to a pH of 6.5. Fertilizer was applied at rates of 45, 117 and 111 kg/ha of N, P and K, respectively. First harvest yields were greatest for switchgrass and big bluestem, but indiangrass produced significantly greater yields than either of the other grasses in the second harvest. In both harvests, the yields of all grasses were greatest under the LNP and LNPK fertility regimes. Nitrogen, without P, did not significantly increase yields above the control treatment in the first harvest. Yield responses to P fertilization varied with soils. Although P appeared to be the limiting factor insofar as growth was concerned, the yield response from P fertilization would probably be limited without N fertilization. Indiangrass was significantly higher in crude protein and K concentration and significantly lower in Ca concentration than big bluestem and switchgrass. Phosphorus concentrations were below the recommended levels for ruminant nutrition.

scholarly journals Morphological Development of 2 Warm-Season Grasses in the Nebraska Sandhills

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 456 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Hendrickson ◽  
L. E. Moser ◽  
K. J. Moore ◽  
S. S. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Nebraska Sandhills ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Stomatal Characteristics among Cassava Cultivars and their Relation to Gas Exchange

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mabrouk A. El-Sharkawy ◽  
James H. Cock ◽  
Giovanna de Cadena
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Stomatal Characteristics

SUMMARYCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has generally been reported to possess hypostomatal leaves. Several cultivars have now been found to possess clusters of functional stomata around the veins on the upper leaf surface and two cultivars (M Col 88 and M Col 90) have significant numbers of stomata (83–140 mm−2) dispersed over the entire upper leaf surface. Stomatal density on the lower leaf surface ranged from 322–553 mm−2 among cultivars, with a relative stomatal area of 3.4–6.1%. The CO2 uptake by the upper leaf surface (27% of total) and the transpiration loss (32% of total) corresponded closely to the ratio of relative stomatal areas on the upper and lower leaf surface of cv. M Col 88.

scholarly journals Ecophysiology of Two Native Invasive Woody Species and Two Dominant Warm‐Season Grasses in the Semiarid Grasslands of the Nebraska Sandhills

2006 ◽  
Vol 167 (5) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen D. Eggemeyer ◽  
Tala Awada ◽  
David A. Wedin ◽  
F. Edwin Harvey ◽  
Xinhua Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Nebraska Sandhills ◽  
Native Invasive ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

scholarly journals Dry Matter Accumulation of Four Warm Season Grasses in the Nebraska Sandhills

1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Gilbert ◽  
L. J. Perry ◽  
J. Stubbendieck
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Nebraska Sandhills ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Potential utilization of native prairie grasses from western Canada as ethanol feedstock

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Jefferson ◽  
W. Paul McCaughey ◽  
Ken May ◽  
Jay Woosaree ◽  
Linden McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

The utilization of native grass species for potential biomass feedstocks of the emerging ethanol industry requires more information about their cellulose and hemicellulose concentration. Ten native species were grown at seven sites across the prairie region of western Canada for two to four growing seasons. Northern wheatgrass, Elymus lanceolatus, produced high concentrations of cellulose (363 g kg-1) but low concentrations of hemicellulose (266 g kg-1). Green needlegrass, Nasella viridula, produced high concentrations of both constituents (351 and 307 g kg-1). Four warm-season grasses, big bluestem, Andropogon gerardii, little bluestem, Schizachyrium scoparium, prairie sandreed, Calamovilfa longifolia, and switchgrass, Panicum virgatum, had 346, 342, 340 and 338 g kg-1, respectively, concentrations of cellulose and also exhibited a positive response to temperature that resulted in increased hemicellulose concentration. Accumulated thermal time (degree day base 10°C) was correlated to hemicellulose concentrations in the warm-season grasses but not for cool-season grasses. Holocellulose (cellulose + hemicellulose) concentration differences varied among site-years but warm-season grasses were more stable in hollocellulose concentration than cool-season grasses. Key words: Biomass, native grasses, cellulose, hemicellulose, biofuel

scholarly journals 20 Comparison of native warm-season grasses and bermudagrass for stocker calf grazing in the Black Belt Prairie region

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 28-28
Author(s):  
Jane A Parish ◽  
Kalisha C Yankey ◽  
Libby S Durst
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Black Belt ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Big Bluestem ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Abstract Native grasses are touted for use in drought mitigation strategies for grazing cattle. It is important to determine how these forages compare in specific production environments to more widely used improved grasses such as bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] that they may replace as pasture. Native warm-season grasses including big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman), little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius), and indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans L.) were evaluated against bermudagrass pastures in the Black Belt Prairie region of Mississippi for stocker cattle grazing. Objectives were to compare bermudagrass (BG), indiangrass (IG) and mixed-sward native warm-season grass (mix of big bluestem, little bluestem, and indiangrass) (NGMIX) pasture for forage nutritive value and steer ADG. Crossbred (Bos taurus) steers (n = 36 steers/year) were stratified by initial BW (339.7 ± 4.3 kg) to 2.02-ha pastures (3 replications) during 56-d grazing periods in June and July for 2 yr. Mean forage nutritive values on a DM basis were: BG [8.8% CP, 43.4% ADF, 67.3% NDF, 58.7% TDN, and 77 relative feed value (RFV)], IG (6.7% CP, 39.6% ADF, 68.3% NDF, 58.2% TDN, and 79 RFV) and MIXNG (7.3% CP, 40.5% ADF, 69.5% NDF, 58.1% TDN, and 77 RFV). A forage treatment x day x year effect existed (P < 0.01) for each these nutritive values. There was no effect (P = 0.47) of forage treatment on steer ADG (BG: 0.4 ± 0.1 kg/d; IG: 0.5 ± 0.1 kg/d; NGMIX: 0.5 ± 0.1 kg/d). Thus, no net advantage or disadvantage in steer growth rates was observed due to forage species. Other factors such as forage establishment cost and animal stocking rates supported may be relevant to consider in decisions to replace bermudagrass with warm-season native grasses.

Base Temperatures for Seedling Growth and Their Correlation with Chilling Sensitivity for Warm-Season Grasses

Crop Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 874 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. Madakadze ◽  
K. A. Stewart ◽  
R. M. Madakadze ◽  
D. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Chilling Sensitivity ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

scholarly journals 87 Evaluation of two stocking rates for grazing heifers on mixed sward native warm-season grass pastures in the Black Belt Prairie region

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 27-27
Author(s):  
Jane A Parish ◽  
Kalisha C Yankey ◽  
Libby S Durst
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Sorghastrum Nutans ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Year Effect ◽  
Plant Persistence ◽  
Stocking Rates

Abstract Optimal use of native warm-season grasses in pasture systems involves stocking grazing livestock at suitable rates. The study objective was to evaluate forage nutritive value and heifer ADG at two stocking rates on mixed-sward pastures of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman), little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius), and indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans L.). Pastures (3 replications) were stocked for 56 d during June and July in 2 yr with crossbred (Bos taurus) heifers (n = 24 heifers/year) stratified by initial BW (288.3 ± 1.7 kg) to one of two continuous stocking rates: 1.9 heifers/ha (HIGH) and 1.2 heifers/ha (LOW). Mean forage nutritive values on a DM basis were not different between HIGH and LOW stocking rates, respectively, for CP (7.0 ± 0.2% vs 6.7 ± 0.2%; P = 0.27), ADF (41.0 ± 0.6 vs. 41.4 ± 0.6; P = 0.64), NDF (69.9 ± 0.5 vs. 68.7 ± 0.5; P = 0.09), or relative feed value (RFV) (76.0 ± 1.0 vs. 76.9 ± 1.0; P = 0.53). There was a year effect (P < 0.01) and stocking rate x day effect (P < 0.01) for TDN. At LOW, TDN decreased from day 0 to day 28 (P = 0.02) and day 28 to day 56 (P = 0.02). At HIGH, TDN decreased (P < 0.01) from day 0 to day 28 but remained steady until day 56 (P = 0.21). There was a stocking rate x day interaction (P < 0.01) with ADG: LOW day 28 to 56 (1.20 ± 0.08 kg/day), HIGH day 0 to 28 (0.89 ± 0.08 kg/day), HIGH day 28 to 56 (0.44 ± 0.08 kg/day), and LOW day 0 to 28 (0.30 ± 0.08 kg/day). Further assessment of cattle ADG using more divergent stocking rates and plant persistence measures is warranted to inform ideal native grass stocking rate recommendations.

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