Human copper transporters: mechanism, role in human diseases and therapeutic potential

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as a consequence of metabolic reactions in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. This work describes the role of the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) as a biomarker of different human diseases and proposes a new therapeutic application for the prevention of cancer and its treatment. The paper also describes how a new form of human MnSOD was discovered, its initial application, and its clinical potentials. The MnSOD isolated from a human liposarcoma cell line (LSA) was able to kill cancer cells expressing estrogen receptors, but it did not have cytotoxic effects on normal cells. Together with its oncotoxic activity, the recombinant MnSOD (rMnSOD) exerts a radioprotective effect on normal cells irradiated with X-rays. The rMnSOD is characterized by the presence of a leader peptide, which allows the protein to enter cells: this unique property can be used in the radiodiagnosis of cancer or chemotherapy, conjugating radioactive substances or chemotherapic drugs to the leader peptide of the MnSOD. Compared to traditional chemotherapic agents, the drugs conjugated with the leader peptide of MnSOD can selectively reach and enter cancer cells, thus reducing the side effects of traditional treatments.

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Rac1 in human diseases: The therapeutic potential of targeting Rac1 signaling regulatory mechanisms

Small GTPases ◽

10.1080/21541248.2016.1211398 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 139-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Hadir Marei ◽

Angeliki Malliri

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Human Diseases ◽

Regulatory Mechanisms

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Revealing the Therapeutic Uses of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Its Potential for Drug Discovery

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2021/8817288 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Azene Tesfaye

Keyword(s):

Drug Development ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Human Diseases ◽

Active Components ◽

Runny Nose ◽

Medicinal Value ◽

Therapeutic Uses ◽

Tract Disease ◽

Chronic Fever

Background. Garlic is a common bulb vegetable that is used to flavor and flavor food. The plant contains biologically active components that contribute to its pharmacological properties. This paper attempts to examine the therapeutic uses and potential role in the drug development of garlic for various human diseases. Methods. To obtain crucial data and scientific knowledge about the therapeutic uses of garlic, systematic literature searches were conducted using key terms on well-known indexed platforms such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, and popular search engines. Results. Garlic, which is utilized as a spice and flavoring ingredient, is found to have fundamental nutritional components. Carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, water, and vitamins are all found in abundance in this plant. The plant also has a high medicinal value and is used to cure a variety of human diseases. It has anti-inflammatory, rheumatological, ulcer inhibiting, anticholinergic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antistress, antidiabetes, anticancer, liver protection, anthelmintics, antioxidants, antifungal, and wound healing properties, as well as properties that help with asthma, arthritis, chronic fever, tuberculosis, runny nose, malaria, leprosy, skin discoloration, and itching, indigestion, colic, enlarged spleen, hemorrhoids, fistula, bone fracture, gout, urinary tract disease, diabetes, kidney stones, anemia, jaundice, epilepsy, cataract, and night blindness. Conclusions. The nutritional content of the plant is significant, and it has incredible therapeutic potential. The findings of this study are needed to investigate the therapeutic potential, as it may be a promising option for drug development.

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A Review on Therapeutic Potential of Protease Inhibitors from Medicinal Plants

Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry ◽

10.9734/ajrb/2018/v3i430055 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

R. N. N. Gamage ◽

K. D. K. P. Kumari

Keyword(s):

Protease Inhibitor ◽

Protease Inhibitors ◽

Blood Clotting ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Therapeutic Agents ◽

Human Diseases ◽

Plant Protease ◽

Protease Specificity

Most of the currently available therapeutic agents, particularly for cardiovascular disorders and cancers are very expensive and induce some serious side effects. Some of these drugs have also become less effective due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. There is a necessity and great demand for the development of novel efficacious plant-based agents that are of pharmacologically effective. In this connection, this review focuses on therapeutic potential of plant protease inhibitors. Protease inhibitors are of a particular concern at present due to their potent ability to inhibit protease enzymes that are involved in pathogenesis of various human diseases. In addition to their function as protein-degrading enzymes, protease inhibitors are now well-known for their capability to involve in many biological activities as signaling molecules. Plant protease inhibitors are also engaged in several physiological and pathological processes, such as blood clotting, inflammation, immune regulation, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. Therefore, isolation of plant protease inhibitors and evaluation of their therapeutic capacity against chronic human diseases have become a major research interest. Nevertheless, protease inhibitor content and protease specificity vary significantly even in the same plant species depending on the geographical location and environmental factors. Consequently, it is important to identify potent therapeutic potential of each plant protease inhibitor on human health individually.

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Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plant Proteins: Present Status and Future Perspectives

Current Protein and Peptide Science ◽

10.2174/1389203720666191119095624 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 443-487

Author(s):

Snober Shabeer Wani ◽

Parvaiz A. Dar ◽

Sajad M. Zargar ◽

Tanveer A. Dar

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Human Diseases ◽

Current Status ◽

Mistletoe Lectin ◽

Plant Proteins ◽

Drug Candidates

Biologically active molecules obtained from plant sources, mostly including secondary metabolites, have been considered to be of immense value with respect to the treatment of various human diseases. However, some inevitable limitations associated with these secondary metabolites like high cytotoxicity, low bioavailability, poor absorption, low abundance, improper metabolism, etc., have forced the scientific community to explore medicinal plants for alternate biologically active molecules. In this context, therapeutically active proteins/peptides from medicinal plants have been promoted as a promising therapeutic intervention for various human diseases. A large number of proteins isolated from the medicinal plants have been shown to exhibit anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-HIV, anticancerous, ribosome-inactivating and neuro-modulatory activities. Moreover, with advanced technological developments in the medicinal plant research, medicinal plant proteins such as Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor and Mistletoe Lectin-I are presently under clinical trials against prostate cancer, oral carcinomas and malignant melanoma. Despite these developments and proteins being potential drug candidates, to date, not a single systematic review article has documented the therapeutical potential of the available biologically active medicinal plant proteome. The present article was therefore designed to describe the current status of the therapeutically active medicinal plant proteins/peptides vis-à-vis their potential as future protein-based drugs for various human diseases. Future insights in this direction have also been highlighted.

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MicroRNAs and Their Therapeutic Potential for Human Diseases: Aberrant MicroRNA Expression in Alzheimer’s Disease Brains

Journal of Pharmacological Sciences ◽

10.1254/jphs.10r11fm ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 114 (3) ◽

pp. 269-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Jun-ichi Satoh

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Microrna Expression ◽

Human Diseases

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From purines to purinergic signalling: molecular functions and human diseases

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy ◽

10.1038/s41392-021-00553-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhao Huang ◽

Na Xie ◽

Peter Illes ◽

Francesco Di Virgilio ◽

Henning Ulrich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Purine Metabolism ◽

Human Diseases ◽

Proper Function ◽

Purinergic Signalling ◽

Nucleotide Synthesis ◽

Metabolism Disorder ◽

Human Disorders

AbstractPurines and their derivatives, most notably adenosine and ATP, are the key molecules controlling intracellular energy homoeostasis and nucleotide synthesis. Besides, these purines support, as chemical messengers, purinergic transmission throughout tissues and species. Purines act as endogenous ligands that bind to and activate plasmalemmal purinoceptors, which mediate extracellular communication referred to as “purinergic signalling”. Purinergic signalling is cross-linked with other transmitter networks to coordinate numerous aspects of cell behaviour such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis and other physiological processes critical for the proper function of organisms. Pathological deregulation of purinergic signalling contributes to various diseases including neurodegeneration, rheumatic immune diseases, inflammation, and cancer. Particularly, gout is one of the most prevalent purine-related disease caused by purine metabolism disorder and consequent hyperuricemia. Compelling evidence indicates that purinoceptors are potential therapeutic targets, with specific purinergic agonists and antagonists demonstrating prominent therapeutic potential. Furthermore, dietary and herbal interventions help to restore and balance purine metabolism, thus addressing the importance of a healthy lifestyle in the prevention and relief of human disorders. Profound understanding of molecular mechanisms of purinergic signalling provides new and exciting insights into the treatment of human diseases.

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Expanding uncapped translation and emerging function of circular RNA in carcinomas and noncarcinomas

Molecular Cancer ◽

10.1186/s12943-021-01484-7 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yan Wang ◽

Chunjie Wu ◽

Yu Du ◽

Zhongwei Li ◽

Minle Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Ribosome Entry Site ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Circular Rna ◽

Human Diseases ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Host Proteins ◽

Entry Site ◽

Internal Ribosome Entry ◽

Polysome Profiling ◽

Translation Mechanism

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs) are classified as noncoding RNAs because they are devoid of a 5’ end cap and a 3’ end poly (A) tail necessary for cap-dependent translation. However, increasing numbers of translated circRNAs identified through high-throughput RNA sequencing overlapping with polysome profiling indicate that this rule is being broken. CircRNAs can be translated in cap-independent mechanism, including IRES (internal ribosome entry site)-initiated pattern, MIRES (m6A internal ribosome entry site) -initiated patterns, and rolling translation mechanism (RCA). CircRNA-encoded proteins harbour diverse functions similar to or different from host proteins. In addition, they are linked to the modulation of human disease including carcinomas and noncarcinomas. CircRNA-related translatomics and proteomics have attracted increasing attention. This review discusses the progress and exclusive characteristics of circRNA translation and highlights the latest mechanisms and regulation of circRNA translatomics. Furthermore, we summarize the extensive functions and mechanisms of circRNA-derived proteins in human diseases, which contribute to a better understanding of intricate noncanonical circRNA translatomics and proteomics and their therapeutic potential in human diseases.

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