Assessing the Immune Response of Commercial Peste Des Petits Ruminants Vaccine in Sheep and Goats in Algeria

AbstractImmune response is a highly coordinated cascade involving all the subsets of PBMCs. In this study, RNA-Seq analysis of PBMC subsets - CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD21+ and CD335+ cells from day 0 and day 5 of Sungri/96 Peste des Petits Ruminants vaccinated sheep and goats was done to delineate the systems biology behind immune - protection of the vaccine in sheep and goats. Assessment of the immune response processes enriched by the differentially expressed genes in all the subsets suggested a strong dysregulation towards development of early inflammatory microenvironment, which is very much required for differentiation of monocytes to macrophages, and for activation and migration of dendritic cells into the draining lymph nodes. The protein - protein interaction networks among the antiviral molecules (IFIT3, ISG15, MX1, MX2, RSAD2, ISG20, IFIT5 and IFIT1) and common DEGs across PBMCs subsets in both the species identified ISG15 to be an ubiquitous hub, that helps in orchestrating antiviral host response against PPRV. IRF7 was found to be the key master regulator activated in most of the subsets in sheep and goats. Most of the pathways were found to be inactivated in B - lymphocytes of both the species indicating that 5 dpv is too early a time point for the B - lymphocytes to react. The cell mediated immune response and humoral immune response pathways were found more enriched in goats than in sheep. Though, animals from both the species survived the challenge, a contrast in pathway activation was observed in CD335+ cells.ImportancePeste des petits ruminants (PPR) by PPRV is an OIE listed acute, contagious transboundary viral disease of small ruminants. Attenuated Sungri/96 PPRV vaccine used all over India against this PPR, provides long-lasting robust innate and adaptive immune response. The early antiviral response was found mediated through type I interferon independent ISGs expression. However, systems biology behind this immune response is unknown. In this study, in vivo transcriptome profiling of PBMC subsets (CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD21+ and CD335+) in vaccinated goats and sheep (at 5 days of post vaccination) was done to understand this systems biology. Though there are a few differences in the systems biology across cells (specially the NK cells) between sheep and goats, the co-ordinated response that is inclusive of all the cell subsets was found to be towards induction of strong innate immune response, which is needed for an appropriate adaptive immune response.

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Systems Biology behind Immunoprotection of Both Sheep and Goats after Sungri/96 PPRV Vaccination

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.00820-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Sajad Ahmad Wani ◽

Manas Ranjan Praharaj ◽

Amit R. Sahu ◽

Raja Ishaq Nabi Khan ◽

Shikha Saxena ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Systems Biology ◽

B Lymphocytes ◽

Animal Health ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Type I ◽

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Adaptive Immune

ABSTRACT Immune response is a highly coordinated cascade involving all the subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of PBMC subsets was done to delineate the systems biology behind immune protection of the vaccine in sheep and goats. The PBMC subsets studied were CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD21+, and CD335+ cells from day 0 and day 5 of sheep and goats vaccinated with Sungri/96 peste des petits ruminants virus. Assessment of the immune response processes enriched by the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in all the subsets suggested a strong dysregulation toward the development of early inflammatory microenvironment, which is very much required for differentiation of monocytes to macrophages, and activation as well as the migration of dendritic cells into the draining lymph nodes. The protein-protein interaction networks among the antiviral molecules (IFIT3, ISG15, MX1, MX2, RSAD2, ISG20, IFIT5, and IFIT1) and common DEGs across PBMC subsets in both species identified ISG15 to be a ubiquitous hub that helps in orchestrating antiviral host response against peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). IRF7 was found to be the key master regulator activated in most of the subsets in sheep and goats. Most of the pathways were found to be inactivated in B lymphocytes of both the species, indicating that 5 days postvaccination (dpv) is too early a time point for the B lymphocytes to react. The cell-mediated immune response and humoral immune response pathways were found more enriched in goats than in sheep. Although animals from both species survived the challenge, a contrast in pathway activation was observed in CD335+ cells. IMPORTANCE Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) by PPR virus (PPRV) is an World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)-listed acute, contagious transboundary viral disease of small ruminants. The attenuated Sungri/96 PPRV vaccine used all over India against this PPR provides long-lasting robust innate and adaptive immune response. The early antiviral response was found mediated through type I interferon-independent interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. However, systems biology behind this immune response is unknown. In this study, in vivo transcriptome profiling of PBMC subsets (CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD21+, and CD335+) in vaccinated goats and sheep (at 5 days postvaccination) was done to understand this systems biology. Though there are a few differences in the systems biology across cells (specially the NK cells) between sheep and goats, the coordinated response that is inclusive of all the cell subsets was found to be toward the induction of a strong innate immune response, which is needed for an appropriate adaptive immune response.

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Avidin-Biotin recombinant antigen capture ELISA for the detection of peste des petits ruminants virus in the clinical specimens of sheep and goats

Journal of Virological Methods ◽

10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 291 ◽

pp. 114103

Author(s):

V. Balamurugan ◽

Bibitha Varghese ◽

S. Sowjanya Kumari ◽

K. Vinod Kumar ◽

D. Muthuchelvan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Recombinant Antigen ◽

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Clinical Specimens ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Capture Elisa ◽

Antigen Capture Elisa ◽

Antigen Capture

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Review of Peste des Petits Ruminants Occurrence and Spread in Tanzania

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11061698 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1698

Author(s):

Daniel Pius Mdetele ◽

Erick Komba ◽

Misago Dimson Seth ◽

Gerald Misinzo ◽

Richard Kock ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Eradication Programme ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Ruminant Species ◽

Socio Economic Impact

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important transboundary animal disease of domestic small ruminants, camels, and wild artiodactyls. The disease has significant socio-economic impact on communities that depend on livestock for their livelihood and is a threat to endangered susceptible wild species. The aim of this review was to describe the introduction of PPR to Tanzania and its subsequent spread to different parts of the country. On-line databases were searched for peer-reviewed and grey literature, formal and informal reports were obtained from Tanzanian Zonal Veterinary Investigation Centres and Laboratories, and Veterinary Officers involved with PPR surveillance were contacted. PPR virus (PPRV) was confirmed in northern Tanzania in 2008, although serological data from samples collected in the region in 1998 and 2004, and evidence that the virus was already circulating in Uganda in 2003, suggests that PPRV might have been present earlier than this. It is likely that the virus which became established in Tanzania was introduced from Kenya between 2006–7 through the cross-border movement of small ruminants for trade or grazing resources, and then spread to eastern, central, and southern Tanzania from 2008 to 2010 through movement of small ruminants by pastoralists and traders. There was no evidence of PPRV sero-conversion in wildlife based on sera collected up to 2012, suggesting that they did not play a vectoring or bridging role in the establishment of PPRV in Tanzania. PPRV lineages II, III and IV have been detected, indicating that there have been several virus introductions. PPRV is now considered to be endemic in sheep and goats in Tanzania, but there has been no evidence of PPR clinical disease in wildlife species in Tanzania, although serum samples collected in 2014 from several wild ruminant species were PPRV sero-positive. Similarly, no PPR disease has been observed in cattle and camels. In these atypical hosts, serological evidence indicates exposure to PPRV infection, most likely through spillover from infected sheep and goats. Some of the challenges for PPRV eradication in Tanzania include movements of small ruminants, including transboundary movements, and the capacity of veterinary services for disease surveillance and vaccination. Using wildlife and atypical domestic hosts for PPR surveillance is a useful indicator of endemism and the ongoing circulation of PPRV in livestock, especially during the implementation of vaccination to control or eliminate the disease in sheep and goats. PPR disease has a major socio-economic impact in Tanzania, which justifies the investment in a comprehensive PPRV eradication programme.

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Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: a review of currently available molecular epidemiological data, 2020

Archives of Virology ◽

10.1007/s00705-020-04732-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 165 (10) ◽

pp. 2147-2163 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

William G. Dundon ◽

Adama Diallo ◽

Giovanni Cattoli

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

International Organizations ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Cash Income ◽

Small Farmers ◽

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Global Eradication

Abstract Small ruminants (e.g., sheep and goats) contribute considerably to the cash income and nutrition of small farmers in most countries in Africa and Asia. Their husbandry is threatened by the highly infectious transboundary viral disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) caused by peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). Given its social and economic impact, PPR is presently being targeted by international organizations for global eradication by 2030. Since its first description in Côte d’Ivoire in 1942, and particularly over the last 10 years, a large amount of molecular epidemiological data on the virus have been generated in Africa. This review aims to consolidate these data in order to have a clearer picture of the current PPR situation in Africa, which will, in turn, assist authorities in global eradication attempts.

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Sero-epidemiological study of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats under different production systems in South Omo, southern Ethiopia

Small Ruminant Research ◽

10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.06.017 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 169 ◽

pp. 90-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kibrom Mebrahtu ◽

Senait Getachew ◽

Tegegn Tesfaye ◽

Ergete Sahlu ◽

Kassaye Aragaw

Keyword(s):

Epidemiological Study ◽

Production Systems ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

South Omo

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Assessment of seroconversion against peste des petits ruminants vaccine among sheep and goats in Buchanan, Liberia

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.4314/sokjvs.v10i2.10 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

BO Olugasa ◽

JRN Anderson

Keyword(s):

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Sheep And Goats

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Association analysis of immune response loci related to Haemonchus contortus exposure in sheep and goats using a targeted approach

Livestock Science ◽

10.1016/j.livsci.2019.08.005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 228 ◽

pp. 109-119

Author(s):

Zaira M. Estrada-Reyes ◽

Yoko Tsukahara ◽

Arthur L. Goetsch ◽

Terry A. Gipson ◽

Tilahun Sahlu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Association Analysis ◽

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Targeted Approach

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Comparison of the Immunogenicities and Cross-Lineage Efficacies of Live Attenuated Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Vaccines PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 and PPRV/Sungri/96

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01471-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 92 (24) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sophia Hodgson ◽

Katy Moffat ◽

Holly Hill ◽

John T. Flannery ◽

Simon P. Graham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Virus Antigen ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

Genetic Lineages

ABSTRACTPeste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a severe disease of goats and sheep that is widespread in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Several effective vaccines exist for the disease, based on attenuated strains of the virus (PPRV) that causes PPR. While the efficacy of these vaccines has been established by use in the field, the nature of the protective immune response has not been determined. In addition, while the vaccine derived from PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 (N75) is used in many countries, those developed in India have never been tested for their efficacy outside that country. We have studied the immune response in goats to vaccination with either N75 or the main Indian vaccine, which is based on isolate PPRV/India/Sungri/96 (S96). In addition, we compared the ability of these two vaccines, in parallel, to protect animals against challenge with pathogenic viruses from the four known genetic lineages of PPRV, representing viruses from different parts of Africa, as well as Asia. These studies showed that, while N75 elicited a stronger antibody response than S96, as measured by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus neutralization, S96 resulted in more pronounced cellular immune responses, as measured by virus antigen-induced proliferation and interferon gamma production. While both vaccines induced comparable numbers of PPRV-specific CD8+T cells, S96 induced a higher number of CD4+T cells specifically responding to virus. Despite these quantitative and qualitative differences in the immune responses following vaccination, both vaccines gave complete clinical protection against challenge with all four lineages of PPRV.IMPORTANCEDespite the widespread use of live attenuated PPRV vaccines, this is the first systematic analysis of the immune response elicited in small ruminants. These data will help in the establishment of the immunological determinants of protection, an important step in the development of new vaccines, especially DIVA vaccines using alternative vaccination vectors. This study is also the first controlled test of the ability of the two major vaccines used against virulent PPRV strains from all genetic lineages of the virus, showing conclusively the complete cross-protective ability of these vaccines.

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