scholarly journals Trends in gastrointestinal infections before and during nonpharmaceutical interventions in Korea in comparison with the United States

2022 ◽  
pp. e2022011
Author(s):  
Soyeoun Kim ◽  
Jinhyun Kim ◽  
Bo Youl Choi ◽  
Boyoung Park
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions

scholarly journals Differential effects of intervention timing on COVID-19 spread in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (49) ◽  
pp. eabd6370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Pei ◽  
Sasikiran Kandula ◽  
Jeffrey Shaman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions

Assessing the effects of early nonpharmaceutical interventions on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread is crucial for understanding and planning future control measures to combat the pandemic. We use observations of reported infections and deaths, human mobility data, and a metapopulation transmission model to quantify changes in disease transmission rates in U.S. counties from 15 March to 3 May 2020. We find that marked, asynchronous reductions of the basic reproductive number occurred throughout the United States in association with social distancing and other control measures. Counterfactual simulations indicate that, had these same measures been implemented 1 to 2 weeks earlier, substantial cases and deaths could have been averted and that delayed responses to future increased incidence will facilitate a stronger rebound of infections and death. Our findings underscore the importance of early intervention and aggressive control in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aeromonas hydrophila: A Treatable Cause of Diarrhea

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-254
Author(s):  
HARRY KIPPERMAN ◽  
MOSHE EPHROS ◽  
MORRIS LAMBDIN ◽  
KAREN WHITE-ROGERS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Gastrointestinal Pathogens ◽  
Human Infections

Aeromonads are bacteria, found in water and soil, which cause a wide spectrum of human infections in normal and compromised hosts.1 Although primarily gastrointestinal pathogens, aeromonads also cause trauma-related infections of skin, soft tissue, muscle and bone, as well as non-trauma-related infections, including endocarditis.1-4 Gastrointestinal infections due to Aeromonas sp are frequently identified in Southeast Asia, India, and Australia3,5-7 but rarely in the United States.2,8 This report describes a case of profuse watery diarrhea due to Aeromonas hydrophila in a child from Maine. CASE REPORT A 5-month-old female infant with Down's syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease developed diarrhea and vomiting.

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of lifting community non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 during vaccination rollout in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Matrajt ◽  
Holly Janes ◽  
Joshua T Schiffer ◽  
Dobromir Dimitrov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract Using a mathematical model, we estimated the potential impact in mortality and total infections of completely lifting community nonpharmaceutical interventions when only a small proportion of the population has been fully vaccinated in two states in the US. Lifting all community nonpharmaceutical interventions immediately is predicted to result in twice as many deaths over the next 6 months than a more moderate reopening allowing 70% of pre-pandemic contacts.

scholarly journals The evolving worldwide dynamic state of the COVID-19 outbreak

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose M. G. Vilar ◽  
Leonor Saiz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Local Maximum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Dynamical Constraints ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions

ABSTRACTThe dynamic characterization of the COVID-19 outbreak is critical to implement effective actions for its control and eradication but the information available at a global scale is not sufficiently reliable to be used directly. Here, we integrate multiple data sources through dynamical constraints to quantify its temporal evolution and controllability around the world and within the United States. Overall, the numbers of actively infectious individuals have remained high beyond targeted controllability, with worldwide estimates of 10.24 million on November 24, 2020, totaling in 266.1 million cumulative infections growing at a rate of 11.12 million new infections per week. The actively infectious population reached a local maximum of 7.33 million on July 16, 2020 and remained virtually stagnant at a global scale, with growth rates for most countries around zero that compensated each other, until reverting to net growth on September 22, 2020. We validated the approach, contrasting with prevalence data and the effects of nonpharmaceutical interventions, and we identified general patterns of recession, stabilization, and resurgence. The diversity of dynamic behaviors of the outbreak across countries is paralleled by those of states and territories in the United States, converging to remarkably similar global states in both cases. Our results offer precise insights into the dynamics of the outbreak and an efficient avenue for the estimation of the prevalence rates over time.

scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on the future dynamics of endemic infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (48) ◽  
pp. 30547-30553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Baker ◽  
Sang Woo Park ◽  
Wenchang Yang ◽  
Gabriel A. Vecchi ◽  
C. Jessica E. Metcalf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Uncertain Future ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Endemic Infections

Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been employed to reduce the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), yet these measures are already having similar effects on other directly transmitted, endemic diseases. Disruptions to the seasonal transmission patterns of these diseases may have consequences for the timing and severity of future outbreaks. Here we consider the implications of SARS-CoV-2 NPIs for two endemic infections circulating in the United States of America: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and seasonal influenza. Using laboratory surveillance data from 2020, we estimate that RSV transmission declined by at least 20% in the United States at the start of the NPI period. We simulate future trajectories of both RSV and influenza, using an epidemic model. As susceptibility increases over the NPI period, we find that substantial outbreaks of RSV may occur in future years, with peak outbreaks likely occurring in the winter of 2021–2022. Longer NPIs, in general, lead to larger future outbreaks although they may display complex interactions with baseline seasonality. Results for influenza broadly echo this picture, but are more uncertain; future outbreaks are likely dependent on the transmissibility and evolutionary dynamics of circulating strains.

scholarly journals Returning to a Normal Life via COVID-19 Vaccines in the United States: A Large-scale Agent-Based Simulation Study

10.2196/27419 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e27419
Author(s):  
Junjiang Li ◽  
Philippe Giabbanelli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Current Availability ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions

Background In 2020, COVID-19 has claimed more than 300,000 deaths in the United States alone. Although nonpharmaceutical interventions were implemented by federal and state governments in the United States, these efforts have failed to contain the virus. Following the Food and Drug Administration's approval of two COVID-19 vaccines, however, the hope for the return to normalcy has been renewed. This hope rests on an unprecedented nationwide vaccine campaign, which faces many logistical challenges and is also contingent on several factors whose values are currently unknown. Objective We study the effectiveness of a nationwide vaccine campaign in response to different vaccine efficacies, the willingness of the population to be vaccinated, and the daily vaccine capacity under two different federal plans. To characterize the possible outcomes most accurately, we also account for the interactions between nonpharmaceutical interventions and vaccines through 6 scenarios that capture a range of possible impacts from nonpharmaceutical interventions. Methods We used large-scale, cloud-based, agent-based simulations by implementing the vaccination campaign using COVASIM, an open-source agent-based model for COVID-19 that has been used in several peer-reviewed studies and accounts for individual heterogeneity and a multiplicity of contact networks. Several modifications to the parameters and simulation logic were made to better align the model with current evidence. We chose 6 nonpharmaceutical intervention scenarios and applied the vaccination intervention following both the plan proposed by Operation Warp Speed (former Trump administration) and the plan of one million vaccines per day, proposed by the Biden administration. We accounted for unknowns in vaccine efficacies and levels of population compliance by varying both parameters. For each experiment, the cumulative infection growth was fitted to a logistic growth model, and the carrying capacities and the growth rates were recorded. Results For both vaccination plans and all nonpharmaceutical intervention scenarios, the presence of the vaccine intervention considerably lowers the total number of infections when life returns to normal, even when the population compliance to vaccines is as low as 20%. We noted an unintended consequence; given the vaccine availability estimates under both federal plans and the focus on vaccinating individuals by age categories, a significant reduction in nonpharmaceutical interventions results in a counterintuitive situation in which higher vaccine compliance then leads to more total infections. Conclusions Although potent, vaccines alone cannot effectively end the pandemic given the current availability estimates and the adopted vaccination strategy. Nonpharmaceutical interventions need to continue and be enforced to ensure high compliance so that the rate of immunity established by vaccination outpaces that induced by infections.

Party Strength in the United States: Some Corrections

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 641-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. David
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Party Strength

Correlative microscopy in distrubuted (client/server) computing environments: tools for catalyzing the rapid dissemination of information about the cell biology of the human prostate

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prostate Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Correlative Microscopy ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Transplant Organ

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.

Digital image acquisition, processing, and analysis in a polymer microscopy laboratory

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Vinod K. Berry ◽  
Xiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Image

In recent years it became apparent that we needed to improve productivity and efficiency in the Microscopy Laboratories in GE Plastics. It was realized that digital image acquisition, archiving, processing, analysis, and transmission over a network would be the best way to achieve this goal. Also, the capabilities of quantitative image analysis, image transmission etc. available with this approach would help us to increase our efficiency. Although the advantages of digital image acquisition, processing, archiving, etc. have been described and are being practiced in many SEM, laboratories, they have not been generally applied in microscopy laboratories (TEM, Optical, SEM and others) and impact on increased productivity has not been yet exploited as well.In order to attain our objective we have acquired a SEMICAPS imaging workstation for each of the GE Plastic sites in the United States. We have integrated the workstation with the microscopes and their peripherals as shown in Figure 1.

Silence of the Land: On the Historical Irrelevance of Territory to Congressional Districting and Political Representation in the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 53-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Rehfeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
Congressional District ◽  
Congressional Districts ◽  
Communities Of Interest

Every ten years, the United States “constructs” itself politically. On a decennial basis, U.S. Congressional districts are quite literally drawn, physically constructing political representation in the House of Representatives on the basis of where one lives. Why does the United States do it this way? What justifies domicile as the sole criteria of constituency construction? These are the questions raised in this article. Contrary to many contemporary understandings of representation at the founding, I argue that there were no principled reasons for using domicile as the method of organizing for political representation. Even in 1787, the Congressional district was expected to be far too large to map onto existing communities of interest. Instead, territory should be understood as forming a habit of mind for the founders, even while it was necessary to achieve other democratic aims of representative government.

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