scholarly journals The Sub Acute Toxicity Evaluation of <i>Stereospermum kunthianum</i> Aqueous Methanolic Stem Bark Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (12) ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Maxwell Osaronowen Egua ◽  
Ode Julius Okwoche ◽  
Florence Chimezie Nwinyi ◽  
Onakpa Michael Monday ◽  
Akande Motunrayo Ganiyat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

scholarly journals The Ethanolic Stem-Bark Extract of Antrocaryon micraster Inhibits Carrageenan-Induced Pleurisy and Pedal Oedema in Murine Models of Inflammation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie B. Essel ◽  
David D. Obiri ◽  
Newman Osafo ◽  
Aaron O. Antwi ◽  
Babatunde M. Duduyemi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Murine Models ◽  
Paw Oedema ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

We investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of a 70% v/v ethanol extract of the stem bark of Antrocaryon micraster on murine models of carrageenan-induced pleurisy and paw oedema. Rat pleural fluid was analysed for volume, protein content, and leucocytes, while lung histology was assessed for damage. Lung tissue homogenates were assayed for glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the stem bark. Acute toxicity studies were conducted in rats. In the pleurisy model the extract (30–300 mg/kg) significantly reduced the volume and amount of proteins and leucocytes in the exudate and also protected against lung injury. Tissue level of GSH and SOD and CAT expression were increased while MDA level and MPO activity were reduced. The peak and total oedema responses were significantly suppressed when given both preemptively and curatively in the mice paw oedema test. Saponins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, and tannins were present in the stem bark. A. micraster extract exhibited no apparent acute toxicity. We conclude that the ethanolic stem-bark extract of A. micraster has antioxidant action and exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity through suppression of pleurisy and paw oedema induced with carrageenan.

scholarly journals Antimalarial Activity, Phytochemical Composition and Acute Toxicity Tests of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Alstonia boonei De Wild

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Chidiebere A. Otuu ◽  
Rose N. N. Obiezue ◽  
Chris I. Okoye ◽  
Innocent C. J. Omalu ◽  
Ada Q. A. Otuu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

Many modern medicines are derived from the chemicals available in plants. The utilization of plants against diseases by traditional medical practitioners is common in many parts of the world and several researches have been carried out to determine the scientific basis for the use of such plants. Alstonia boonei is one of the many medicinal plants found in Nigeria. The plant parts have been traditionally used to treat various ailments including malaria. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimalarial activity, phytochemical composition and toxicity of ethanolic stem bark extract of Alstonia boonei. The extract showed substantial dose dependent antimalarial activity as indicated by the recorded suppressive (45.67%, 58.53% and 74.68% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) prophylactic (33.57%, 45.64% and 61.23% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) and curative effects (62.35%, 68.57% and 79.63% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) on Plasmodium berghei infected white albino mice. The results of the antimalarial tests were significantly different compared to the negative control at P < 0.05. The phytochemical evaluation showed that the plant contained important chemical compounds including tannins, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and terpenoids. The acute toxicity test showed that the extract is safe as observed on the tested mice. It was concluded that the extract contains important active antimalarial compounds that are safe and should be further investigated for antimalarial drug development.

scholarly journals Antidiabetic effect of aqueous stem bark extract of Parinari macrophylla in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Alhassan Ibrahim ◽  
Muhammed Sani Abdussalami ◽  
Joseph Appah ◽  
Abdullahi Hussein Umar ◽  
Aminu Alhassan Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Antidiabetic Effect ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Different Doses

Abstract Background Diabetes is a major public health problem with increasing prevalence globally. Plant-based medicines for diabetes are gaining popularity across the world due to perceptions of efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. The plant, Parinari macrophylla, has been widely reported to possess potent ethnomedicinal properties especially in the northern part of Nigeria. However, there has been no scientific documentation of this plant to be used as an antidiabetic agent. The objective of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic effect of aqueous stem bark extract of P. macrophylla in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity studies were conducted. Wistar rats weighing between 100 and 150 g were used for the study and diabetes was induced using alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The animals were treated with different doses of aqueous stem bark extract of P. macrophylla (1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Blood glucose levels and body weight were then monitored. Histopathological investigation of pancreatic tissue was also conducted. Results The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, steroids, and triterpenes as secondary metabolites. The acute toxicity test revealed no mortality with a median lethal dose determined to be above 5000 mg/kg. Although the two different doses of aqueous stem bark extract of P. macrophylla decreased blood glucose levels at weeks 1 and 2, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was only observed for the group treated with 2000 mg/kg dose compared to the diabetic control group at week 2. The histological investigation revealed that the two different doses of aqueous stem bark extract of P. macrophylla caused regeneration of pancreatic islet cells, with the 2000 mg/kg dose being more evident. Conclusion This study suggests that the stem bark extract of P. macrophylla possesses a potent antidiabetic effect and may potentially be used to treat diabetes and associated complications. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of Methanol stem bark extract of Cadaba farinosa (Forssk) in wistar rats.

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
M.L. Umaru ◽  
G.N. Uyaiabasi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Long Term Conditions ◽  
Follicular Hyperplasia ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

The study focused on evaluating the toxicity profile of the methanol stem bark extract of Cadaba farinose (Forssk), considering possibilities of adverse effects arising from continual use of herbal plants especially in the management of long-term conditions. Cadaba farinosa is a slender shrub plant widely used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, inflammations, rheumatic pains and various infections including skin and intestine both in Africa and India. The acute toxicity study and sub-acute toxicity studies were carried out in Wistar rats using Lorkes Method (1983) and the OECD Guidelines 425. For the sub-acute toxicity studies, twenty rats weighing between 120 and 170g were randomly grouped into 4 groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 (control) received 10ml/kg of distilled water and the others received doses of 40, 200 and 1000mg/kg p.o of extract for 28 days. The acute toxicity revealed no mortality or behavioural signs of toxicity in both phases up to 5000mg/kg. The haematological indices revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the WBC count, MCV and PLT of the groups that received 1000mg/kg of the extract after treatment for 28 days. The liver function test showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in AST and ALT. Renal indices showed a significant decrease in creatinine and a significant increase (p<0.05) in plasma Na+, K+ and Cl- ion concentration across the groups. Histopathological section of the spleen revealed follicular hyperplasia. The results suggest that the plant could be slightly toxic to the liver and the spleen on long-term use.

scholarly journals 28 Days Sub Acute Toxicity Studies of the Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Combretum hypopilinum Diels (Combretacea) in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Abubakar Kabiru ◽  
Usman Aminu ◽  
Yerima Musa ◽  
Muhammad Abubakar Amali ◽  
Samaila Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Oral Acute Toxicity

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety profile of Combretum hypopilinum stem bark extracted with Methanol (70%v/v). Preliminary Phytochemical screening of the crude methanol stem bark extract was carried out, and revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as steroids, flavonoids and alkaloids. Initial oral acute toxicity test was carried out using the Limit Dose Test to ascertain the safety of the extract in rats. Sub-acute toxicity testing was conducted by 28 days oral administration of 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg body weight to three groups of ten rats. The fourth group was administered distilled water 10 ml/kg. No major changes were observed in body weight of the animals following 28 days of daily oral administration. Biochemical parameters such as Total Protein, Total Bilirubin, Creatinine, Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT), were found to be within normal ranges. The levels of marker enzymes in the vital organs did not show any significant changes between control and treated groups. Histopathological examination of the major vital organs (liver, brain, and kidney) revealed no significant pathological changes in the treated groups of rats. The results of the present work suggested that the methanol stem bark extract of Combretum hypopilinum is relatively safe for use at the tested doses.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY OF THE HYDRO-METHANOL STEM BARK EXTRACT OF BURKEA AFRICANA IN ALBINO RATS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terhemen Festus Swem ◽  
Patrick Emeka Aba ◽  
Samuel Chukwuneke Udem ◽  
Victor Masekaven Ahur ◽  
Fidelis Aondover Gberindyer
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Somatic Index

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the sub-acute toxicity profile of hydro-methanol extract of Burkea africana  (BA) stem bark in rats. Methods: The stem bark of BA was extracted by cold maceration using 80% methanol. Twenty female albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups of five rats each. Group 1 (only distilled water). Groups 2-4 received the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) orally, once daily for 28 days. The rats were observed for signs of toxicity and the bodyweight (b.wt) of rats taken weekly. Blood samples were collected on day 28 for hematology and serum chemistry. Visceral organs were harvested for organ-somatic index and histopathology. Results: There were no toxicity signs observed and no significant (p< 0.05) change in body weight but the pulmo-somatic index was significantly (p< 0.05) higher at 400 mg/kg compared with the control and other treated groups. Significant (p< 0.05) increase in PCV, RBC, and MCV and significant (p< 0.05) decrease in MCHC, Total WBC count, neutrophils and lymphocytes were observed. Also, there were significant (p< 0.05) decreases in ALT, total protein, globulin, total bilirubin of test groups when compared with the control group. Urea concentration of test groups significantly (p< 0.05) increased when compared with that of the control group. Conclusions: BA stem bark extract can be said to have no deleterious effect on erythrocyte, but rather serve to improve erythropoiesis and also has no overt toxic effect on the visceral organs. Also the extract may have immunosuppressive and oxidative tendencies on prolong use.                                   Peer Review History: Received 12 January 2021; Revised 3 February; Accepted 25 February, Available online 15 March 2021 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Idoko Alexander, Caritas University, Enugu, Nigeria, [email protected] Taha A.I. El Bassossy,  Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, [email protected]   Similar Articles: PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF RUSSELIA EQUISETIFORMIS AGAINST PARACETAMOL-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS EFFECTS OF RAW AND COOKED AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACTS OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS (KIDNEY BEANS) ON RENAL FUNCTION IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS EVALUATION OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF EUPHORBIA NERIIFOLIA STEM BARK ON BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS, SERUM AND TISSUE LIPIDS IN A PRECLINICAL MODEL

scholarly journals Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity Studies on Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Frankincense Tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Leaves Extract of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
S. Salihu ◽  
C. A. Otitolaiye ◽  
M. U. Hizbullah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Oral Acute Toxicity

Aim: Frankincense tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Kenaf (H. cannabinus) are plants abundantly found in north-western Nigeria. These plants are very popular among the locals as potent sources of ethno medicine. The present study investigates the oral acute toxicity potentials of methanolic stem bark extract of frankincense tree and Kenaf leaves, as well as sub-chronic toxicity potentials of the plants extracts on the kidney and liver of Albino rats. Study Design: Laboratory-experimental design was used for this study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out between September 2019 and November 2019 at Biochemistry laboratory, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Methodology: For the oral acute toxicity study, the revised “Up and Down” test (Limit Dose Test) was used to determine the LD50 of the extracts. For sub-chronic toxicity study, twenty albino rats were used for each plant, and were divided into four groups of five animals each. Group I (control), Group II (received 200 mg extract/kg body weight), Group III (received 400 mg extract/kg body weight) and Group IV (received 800 mg extract/kg body weight). All administrations were given orally for 28 days. Liver and kidney markers were determined using standard methods. Result: The oral acute toxicity test of the plant extracts at 3000 mg/kg body weight showed no mortality for 24 hours and subsequent 14days of administration. LD50 for both plants is therefore greater than 3000 mg/kg. The result shows no significant differences (p > 0.05) on liver and kidney function biomarkers investigated when Group II, III and IV are compared with control. Conclusion: This suggests that Frankincense stem bark and kenaf leaves extracts may be safe in rats at doses less than or equal 3000 mg/kg.

scholarly journals Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Cola millenii Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts in Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanre B. ADEWUMI ◽  
Faith I. AKINNIBOSUN
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Toxicity Assay ◽  
Lower Weight ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Higher Doses

In the present study, the toxicity of monkey kola (Cola millenii) leaf and stem bark extracts were investigated in laboratory animals. The rats were orally administered with the plant extracts at gradual doses of 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg, 2,500 mg/kg, 3,500 mg/kg and 5,000 mg/kg b.w. and were closely monitored for 24 h. In sub-acute toxicity, the animals were given 1,000 mg/kg b.w. and 2,500 mg/kg b.w. for 28 days. Thereafter, the effect of the extracts on the weight and haematological parameters of the rats were determined. The rats did not show any symptoms of toxicity throughout the experiment. In the sub-acute toxicity assay, starting from week two, the groups administered with 1,000 mg/kg and 2,500 mg/kg stem bark extract had significant (p ≤ 0.05) lower weight compared with the other groups. In the haematological assay, there were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) between the RBC and platelet counts as well as PCV, haemoglobin, urea, cholesterol, creatinine, LDL, HDL and AST level of all the groups given the extract in comparison with the control. Albeit, the level of white blood cells count, was higher in the treated groups compared with the control with concomitant significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the ALT and ALP levels of the animals treated with the extracts compared with the control. Results show that Cola millenii leaf and stem bark extracts are safe for oral use, although, at higher doses, stem bark extract may cause liver damage.

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