scholarly journals Implicit measures of attitudes toward gambling: An exploratory study

2010 ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunghwan Yi ◽  
Vinay Kanetkar
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Evaluative Priming ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Single Category

Gambling researchers have used self-report measures in order to assess gamblers' attitudes toward gambling. Despite their efficiency, self-report measures of attitudes often suffer self-presentation and social desirability bias when they are used to assess socially sensitive or stigmatized issues. This concern has led to the recent development of indirect, non-reactive measures of attitudes in psychology. These implicit measures of attitudes tend to reveal automatic, impulsive mental processes, whereas the self-report measures tap conscious, reflective processes (F. Strack & R. Deutsch, 2004). In this paper, we demonstrate how response latency-based measures can be used to investigate attitudes toward gambling. We report findings of our empirical study, in which evaluative priming (Fazio et al., 1995) and the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 1996) were used to assess implicit attitudes toward gambling, and the Single Target IAT was adapted to assess implicit arousal-sedation associations of gambling. With a sample of 102 undergraduate students, we found that latency-based measures of attitudes toward gambling were not significantly correlated with self-report measures. Moderate-to-high-risk gamblers held more positive attitudes toward gambling in the SC-IAT and exhibited more positive and more negative attitudes toward gambling in the evaluative priming task than did low-risk gamblers.

Going to the Gym or to the Movies?: Situated Decisions as a Functional Link Connecting Automatic and Reflective Evaluations of Exercise With Exercising Behavior

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Brand ◽  
Geoffrey Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Social Information Processing ◽  
System Approach ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Evaluative Priming ◽  
Psychological Determinants ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cognition And Affect

The goal of the present paper is to propose a model for the study of automatic cognition and affect in exercise. We have chosen a dual-system approach to social information processing to investigate the hypothesis that situated decisions between behavioral alternatives form a functional link between automatic and reflective evaluations and the time spent on exercise. A new questionnaire is introduced to operationalize this link. A reaction-time–based evaluative priming task was used to test participants’ automatic evaluations. Affective and cognitive reflective evaluations, as well as exercising time, were requested via self-report. Path analyses suggest that the affective reflective (beta = .71) and the automatic evaluation (beta = .15) independently explain situated decisions, which, in turn (beta = .60) explain time spent on exercise. Our findings highlight the concept of contextualized decisions. They can serve as a starting point from which the so far seldom investigations of automatic cognition and affect in exercise can be integrated with multitudinous results from studies on reflective psychological determinants of health behavior.

scholarly journals Measuring Discrimination Against Transgender People at the University of the Basque Country and in a Non-University Sample in Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiara Ozamiz-Etxebarria ◽  
Maitane Picaza ◽  
Eneritz Jiménez-Etxebarria ◽  
Jeffrey H. D. Cornelius-White
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
University Environment ◽  
Transgender Identity ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The University

Transgender people suffer from others’ negative attitudes in many situations. The university context is one environment where further progress has to be made to ensure the inclusion of transgender people. In this study, a sample of 376 undergraduate students was collected and their attitudes towards transgender people were analyzed. A comparison was made between number of years in university, and a sample from the general public. In addition, comparisons were made by gender, since the literature shows more negative attitudes toward transgender people in men than in women. The results show relatively positive attitudes toward transgender people among higher education students, but they have little knowledge of transgender identity. In turn, researchers found significant differences between different years in the university and between genders. These results support the need to expand knowledge about transgender people in the university environment.

scholarly journals Development and validation of the General Attitude towards Medication Questionnaire (GAMQ) - Preprint

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Tekampe ◽  
Kaya Peerdeman ◽  
Henriët van Middendorp ◽  
Antoinette I.M. van Laarhoven ◽  
Ralph C.A. Rippe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
General Attitude ◽  
Negative Beliefs ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Specific Medication ◽  
Nocebo Effects ◽  
The Impact

Background: Attitudes towards medication can affect treatment outcomes and adherence through mechanisms such as placebo and nocebo effects. Although both negative and positive attitudes towards medication are of importance, previous research mainly investigated the impact of negative attitudes towards medication. This focus is also reflected in existing self-report scales, most of which measure negative beliefs about medication in general and/or focus on specific medication. To assess both negative and positive attitudes towards medication in general, the General Attitude towards Medication Questionnaire (GAMQ) was developed.Method: For the GAMQ, 12 items largely based on existing questionnaires were selected. It was validated in 4 Dutch samples: 2 samples of 508 and 279 respondents of the general population, and 2 samples of 121 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 70 patients with atopic dermatitis.Results: Factor analyses indicated three subscales representing “Trust in medication”, “Concerns about medication”, and “Reluctance to use medication”, which were structurally stable across the samples. The total scale showed good internal consistency. Medium to strong correlations with other measures of general medication attitude (e.g. BMQ-G), indicated good convergent validity. Furthermore, exploring its predictive validity indicated that the GAMQ correlated with expected medication outcomes.Conclusion: Results suggest that the GAMQ is suitable for assessing general medication attitudes, both negative and positive, in a wide variety of research settings and in various patient populations. Due to its balanced nature, the GAMQ may be especially informative when investigating predictors of treatment outcomes and adherence, as well as determinants of placebo and nocebo effects.

Criteria Used to Judge Obese Persons in the Workplace

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 859-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M. Popovich ◽  
Wendi J. Everton ◽  
Karin L. Campbell ◽  
Rhonda M. Godinho ◽  
Kevin M. Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Obese Person ◽  
Dimensional Solution ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Positive Attitudes

Researchers have speculated that employers are less likely to hire obese persons for more publicly visible jobs, although this hypothesis remains untested. In the present study, 54 undergraduate students rated 40 jobs on several items, including the likelihood they would hire an obese person for each job. Multidimensional scaling showed a one-dimensional solution, labeled as physical activity, with participants less likely to hire obese persons for more active jobs. For hiring likelihood ratings for jobs at either end of the dimension appear to be most similar for men and individuals with more positive attitudes toward obese persons versus women and individuals with more negative attitudes toward obese persons. Implications for both theory and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Assessing Aggressiveness via Reaction Times Online

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Bluemke ◽  
Joerg Zumbach
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Web Browser ◽  
Internet Studies ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Reaction Time Measurement

Aggressive tendencies can be assessed either commonly by explicit measures (self-report questionnaires), or by implicit measures that require the speeded classification of quickly presented stimuli and the recording and analysis of the reaction-times. We explored the psychometric properties of implicit measures assessing aggressiveness objectively: the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and its derivate, the Single-Target IAT. While the IAT focused on the automatic attitude towards aggressiveness, the ST-IAT focused on the self-concept. This feasibility study describes in methodological detail how a diversity of game players can be recruited to take these measures with common web-browser technology, even though reaction-time measurement in the range of a few hundred milliseconds is at stake. Self-reported and objective characteristics of users of violent, less violent, and no games differed. The results are partly in line with what can be expected on the basis of psychological theorizing, but structural-equation modelling shows that implicit measures on attitudes and self-concept differ in quality. Pitfalls and challenges for internet studies on computer players involving reaction-time measures are pointed out.

scholarly journals The Balanced Structure of Environmental Identity

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8168
Author(s):  
Coral M. Bruni ◽  
P. Wesley Schultz ◽  
Anna Woodcock
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Environmental Identity ◽  
Balanced Structure ◽  
Nature Connectedness ◽  
Individual Scores

Connectedness with nature refers to an individual’s beliefs about their relationship with the natural environment. The current paper integrates connectedness with nature into a broader framework of balanced identity theory as a form of self-concept, and presents new data showing that individuals tend toward balanced-congruity and hold cognitive configurations that balance self-concept, environmental attitudes, and self-esteem. In essence, when an individual scores highly on one of these constructs, it is likely that they will score highly on the other two constructs. Two hundred and seventy-six undergraduate students completed explicit and implicit measures of connectedness with nature, attitudes toward nature, and self-esteem. The balanced-congruity principle was supported with implicit measures (e.g., Implicit Association Test), but not explicitly with self-report measures. Results suggest that attitudes toward nature, connectedness with nature, and self-esteem form a balanced triadic structure of implicit environmental identity. The findings extend our understanding of connectedness with nature, by integrating it into a broader framework that links connectedness, attitudes, and self-esteem as a triadic form of environmental identity. This finding has important implications for practitioners interested in fostering environmental identities and promoting sustainability.

scholarly journals Association between HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes among African American Undergraduate Students in Jackson, Mississippi

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince Onyekachi Andrew ◽  
Azad R. Bhuiyan ◽  
Jung Hye Sung ◽  
Anthony Mawson ◽  
Mohammad Shahbazi
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aids Knowledge ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Objective: This study aimed to determine HIV/AIDS knowledge level, attitudes toward individuals living with HIV/AIDS and to explore the relationship between HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among African American undergraduates in Jackson, Mississippi. Methods:  A cross-sectional method was used in this study. A total of 400 students were randomly selected from Jackson State University undergraduate students. Data were collected by using a self-administered questionnaire on HIV/AIDS knowledge and their attitudes toward individuals living with HIV and AIDS. Results: Most of the students (96.5%) had good knowledge about HIV/AIDS, while some students had some misconceptions about HIV infection transmission. There was no significant difference between male and female students on HIV/AIDS knowledge in this study (χ2 = 3.05; P = 0.08). Most of the study participants (87.8%) showed positive attitudes toward individuals living with HIV/AIDS. However, there were some negative attitudes toward individuals living with HIV/AIDS among participants of this study. Male participants expressed more negative attitudes compared to female participants (19.1% vs. 8.5%, χ2 = 9.6; P < 0.002). HIV/AIDS knowledge was significantly associated with positive attitudes toward people living with the disease (p= 0.019, Pearson’s χ2 = 7.431). Conclusions:  In general, we concluded that most students (96.5%) in this study demonstrated high levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge and positive attitudes (87.8%). There was an association between knowledge of the disease and positive attitudes toward HIV/AIDS patients. However, there were HIV/AIDS knowledge gaps, misconceptions, and intolerant attitudes toward HIV positive patients also identified in this study. Hence, this study calls for more robust and age-appropriate HIV/AIDS awareness education programs geared towards reducing the impacts of negative attitudes toward individuals living with the disease, eliminating the gaps in HIV/AIDS knowledge and misconceptions identified in this study.

Attitudes of Medicine and Nursing Students Towards the Sexuality of Older People

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Azevedo ◽  
A. Palha ◽  
M. Esteves ◽  
M. Vieira Coelho
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Older People ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Psychiatry Residents ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Sexuality Study

There is a paucity of research in attitudes of undergraduate students of medicine and nursing regarding sexuality of patients namely the older people. In previous studies we paid attention on staff attitudes of residential homes to aged people in what concerns with sexuality. With the same methodology, in this study it was evaluated the attitudes of undergraduate students of medicine and nursing and resident's on psychiatry towards the sexuality of older people.Design:A descriptive questionnaire survey using the attitudinal part of Aging Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale (ASKAS).Participants and setting:Students of medicine and nursing of Oporto University.We know from previous studies that little experience in the work with older people is predictive of negative attitudes towards sexuality. Nevertheless, in this sample we found a mean ASKAS score of 66 which reflects moderately positive and permissive attitudes toward later life sexuality. Medicine students were more permissive than nursing students (p< 0.01).Conclusions:Undergraduate students and psychiatry residents have positive attitudes toward sexuality of older people. Later life sexuality study should be included in the curriculum of undergraduate formation of doctors and nurses.

Beliefs of nurses working in Mental Health and Illnesses Hospitals in Turkey toward mental ilnesses

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1703-1703
Author(s):  
M.O. Çam ◽  
L. Baysan Arabacı
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
High School Graduates ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Vocational High School ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
Number Percentage ◽  
Evaluation Of Data

IntroductionThis research was carried out in order to determine the beliefs of nurses working in eight Mental Health and Illnesses Hospitals related to Ministry of Health in Turkey toward mental illnesses.MethodThis descriptive research was carried out by 650 participant nurses working in eight hospitals between the dates January-March 2009. Data were collected by “Descriptive Information Form” and “Beliefs Toward Mental Illness Scale(BMIS)” based on self-report. In evaluation of data, number-percentage distribution was done and the relationship between the variables was examined by t-test and variance analysis.FindingsAverage age of the nurses, most of whom were women (79.8%), was 34.48 ± 7.54. 86.3% of the nurses stated that they didn’t have any extensive course about psychiatry during their education, while 74.2% of the nurses, 33.4% of whom were Health Vocational High School graduates, stated that they had courses about phychiatry. BMIS point average of the nurses was found as 60.16 ± 14.83(Min:0- Max:105). A statistically meaningful relationship was found between the nurses’ hospitals they worked in, positions they worked, being satisfied from working for psychiatry, feeling safe while working for psychiatry, finding the working enviroment safe, having course about psychiatry during their education, having education about psychiatry after graduation and BMIS point average(p < 0.05).ResultThe research results showed that the nurses working in Mental Health and Illnesses Hospital in Turkey and giving care to individuals with mental disorders had negative attitudes toward mental illnesses. It was determined that the nurses, who had education about pyschiatry during their education or after their graduation, had more positive attitudes toward mental illnesses.

Indirect Assessment of Attitudes with Response-Time-Based Measures

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Degner ◽  
Dirk Wentura ◽  
Klaus Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Scale Theory ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Predicting Behavior ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Abstract: We review research on response-latency based (“implicit”) measures of attitudes by examining what hopes and intentions researchers have associated with their usage. We identified the hopes of (1) gaining better measures of interindividual differences in attitudes as compared to self-report measures (quality hope); (2) better predicting behavior, or predicting other behaviors, as compared to self-reports (incremental validity hope); (3) linking social-cognitive theories more adequately to empirical research (theory-link hope). We argue that the third hope should be the starting point for using these measures. Any attempt to improve these measures should include the search for a small-scale theory that adequately explains the basic effects found with such a measure. To date, small-scale theories for different measures are not equally well developed.

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