Prediction of prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Rwanda using the metropolis-hasting sampling

In this work, we predict the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among adult Rwandan people. We used the Metropolis-Hasting method that involved calculating the metropolis ratio. The data are those reported by World Health Organiation in 2015. Considering Suffering from diabetes, Overweight, Obesity, Dead and other subject as states of mathematical model, the transition matrix whose elements are probabilities is generated using Metropolis-Hasting sampling. The numerical results show that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases from 2.8% in 2015 to reach 12.65% in 2020 and to 22.59% in 2025. Therefore, this indicates the urgent need of prevention by Rwandan health decision makers who have to play their crucial role in encouraging for example physical activity, regular checkups and sensitization of the masses. Keywords: Non communicable diseases; type 2 diabetes; Markov Chain Monte Carlo method; Metropolis-Hasting method; Transition probabilities.rds:

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Active Video Game Program for People with Type 2 Diabetes- a Pilot Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112211046 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 11046

Author(s):

Han-Hung Huang ◽

Brianna Gathright ◽

Rachel Holik ◽

Hannah Iverson ◽

Emily Saville ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Video Game ◽

World Health ◽

Active Video Game ◽

Active Video

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of an active video game (AVG) program in physiological parameters, fitness levels, motivation to physical activity, and quality of life on people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Eight T2D patients participated in the 8-week AVG program using Xbox Kinect and/or Nintendo Wii. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored during exercise. Physiological and fitness assessment included hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), HR, blood pressure (BP), body mass index, body composition, aerobic and muscular endurance, muscular strength, and flexibility. Psychological outcome measures included the Physical Activity Measure-Revised (MPAM-R), Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS), and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF. Participants demonstrated a moderate level of exercise intensity during AVG based on average HR and RPE. HbA1c, BP, and lower extremity muscle strength were improved, but were not statistically significant. The changes on psychological assessment were not significant. However, most participants demonstrated positive behavior and attitudes toward health and physical activity at one-month follow-up. This pilot study demonstrated that the AVG program might be an effective and alternative way of exercise for people with T2D. A future RCT is warranted to determine the physical and psychological effects of AVG on T2D population.

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A Critical Review on Clinical Manifestations of Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Solution through Physical Activity

International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research ◽

10.47070/ijapr.v9i7.2006 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 88-93

Author(s):

Charu Bansal ◽

Rachna Jain ◽

Umesh Shukla ◽

Smita Paul

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

World Health ◽

Health Organization ◽

And Control ◽

Published Research ◽

Healthy Behaviour

Diabesity term recently coined in medical field because of the very close epidemiological and pathogenic associations between central obesity and Type 2DM. Material and Methods: This review is based on data collected from published research works in various journals. Observations and Results: cited based on research reviews to find out risk odds of obesity and physical inactivity and initiation of type 2 diabetes with solutions based on improve physical activity. Conclusion: Counseling would be one of the best strategies to opt physical exercise with moderate and vigorous intensity recommended as world health organization as healthy behaviour to prevent and control of type 2 diabetes. Thus, Present write up is an effort to critically evaluate and assess the published research data on obesity and its association with development of type 2 diabetes and role of Physical exercises for prevention and control of type 2 DM as its solution with research evidences.

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Modern Drugs in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini bìologìï ta sportu ◽

10.26693/jmbs06.04.015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 15-21

Author(s):

I. O. Marazha ◽

◽

D. I. Nazarova ◽

S. B. Kramar ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

World Health ◽

Direct Result ◽

Management Protocol ◽

The Impact

The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of type 2 diabetes on the skin, to establish the pathogenesis and analysis of modern treatments. Materials and methods. The materials and methods of research were theoretical analysis of scientific literature; statistical methods of literature data analysis, comparative analysis and classification according to the protocol of the international prospective study International Prevalence and Treatment of Diabetes and Depression (INTERPRET-DD). The emphasis is placed on the relevance of research in ways to treat diabetes as a serious disease with high mortality. The statistical indicators of the disease are given and the percentages of disability are indicated. The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is considered and risk factors for the disease are listed. Some diabetic-associated skin symptoms are said to be a direct result of metabolic changes such as hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Progressive damage to the vascular, nervous or immune systems also greatly contributes to the development of skin manifestations. Early medication of insulin should be considered in case of continuous weight loss, symptoms of hyperglycemia or HbA1c in blood > 10% (86 mmole/mole) or plasma glucose ≥300 mg/dL (≥16.7 mmole/l). In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular diseases of atherosclerotic etiology or high risk, diabetic kidney disease or heart failure, it is recommended to use inhibitors of the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter of the type 2 or agonists of the glucagon-1 peptide receptor, which are effective with cardiovascular diseases, regardless of the level of HbA1c in the blood, taking into account individual factors. Conclusion. It was found that the initial treatment, according to the World Health Organization in 2020, should begin with the appointment of metformin, which is a first-line drug for the treatment of patients, that does not cause weight gain, does not provoke hypoglycemia and is recommended for the treatment of people who do not reach the desired level of glycemia through diet and physical activity. It is emphasized that diabetes should be treated comprehensively: diet, physical activity, metformin. Metformin drugs are the basic therapy and should be prescribed in any situation in the presence of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and if there are no contraindications to their use. It is important to increase the dosage of metformin gradually according to the diabetes management protocol: all hypoglycemic drugs should be titrated from the lowest dosage to that necessary to ensure good compensation of carbohydrate indices. Intensification of treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in case of failure to achieve the main goals of therapy should be timely

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CORRELATION OF METABOLIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SMOKING STATUS OF STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY IN TUZLA

Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation ◽

10.21554/hrr.091901 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 27-32

Author(s):

Edina Kuduzović ◽

◽

Edin Muftić ◽

Azra Kurtić ◽

Adela Jahić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Young People ◽

Sedentary Lifestyle ◽

Regular Physical Activity ◽

World Health

Reduced physical activity and an increase in sedentary habits, as one of the factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and other diseases, are also present in the youth population. The increasing of sedentary lifestyle and the reducing of physical activity can have negative consequences for the health of both genders, including increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). It is believed that almost 50% of young people do not practice regular physical activity. Regular physical activity reduces the risk in adults of early death caused by coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, colon and breast cancer and depression. Studies investigating the sedentary lifestyle of young people in the United States show that the length of watching TV is directly proportional to the frequency of obesity. Daily moderate (medium-intensity) physical activity is beneficial for all people, regardless of age. The World Health Organization, within its "Health for All" strategy for the region of Europe, has set the goal for young people to be healthier and more capable to fulfill their roles in society in the year 2020 and that the psycho-social condition of people needs to be improved and help and service should be available to them, which will be better able to include and be more accessible to people with a mental health problem.

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Physical Activity and Glycemic Control Status in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084292 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4292

Author(s):

Wei-Yuan Yao ◽

Meng-Ge Han ◽

Giuseppe De Vito ◽

Hong Fang ◽

Qinghua Xia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Beneficial Effect ◽

Hba1c Level ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

World Health ◽

Chinese Patients ◽

Independent Effect ◽

Metabolic Equivalents

This secondary analysis was designed to evaluate the independent effect of physical activity (PA) on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 799 T2DM patients from eight communities of Shanghai, China, were randomized into one control arm and three intervention arms receiving 1-year interventions of health literacy, exercise, or both. PA was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months and quantified as metabolic equivalents (Mets). A multiple level mixed regression model was applied to evaluate the associations between PA and HbA1c level. After adjusting for potential confounders including interaction of PA level with initial PA or HbA1c, a significant improved HbA1c was observed for the patients in the medium versus the lowest tertile groups of overall PA at 12 months (β: −3.47, 95%CI: −5.33, −1.60) and for those in the highest versus the lowest tertile group at 24 months (β: −0.50, 95%CI: −1.00, −0.01), resulting in a β (95%CI) of −3.49 (95%CI: −5.87, −1.11) during the whole two-year period of follow-up. The negative association was also observed when the subjects were classified according to their exercise levels using the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation as a cut-off point. The beneficial effect of higher PA level was only observed among patients having a lower level of baseline HbA1c or PA or both (all p values for interaction <0.05). Our results provide evidence for the beneficial effect of PA and suggest that the exercise intervention should be addressed to the physically inactive patients to improve their PA level to a physiological threshold.

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Abstract #217: Combined Predictability of Physical Activity and Bodyweight on Healthrelated Quality of Life Among Nigerian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Endocrine Practice ◽

10.1016/s1530-891x(20)42523-6 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

Akolade Idowu ◽

Adeyinka Idowu ◽

Adesoji Tade

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Healthrelated Quality Of Life

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How to Maintain a Healthy Body Weight

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.76.4.208 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 208-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Astrup

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Glycemic Index ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Weight Control ◽

Healthy Body Weight ◽

Healthy Body

The epidemic of both obesity and type 2 diabetes is due to environmental factors, but the individuals developing the conditions possess a strong genetic predisposition. Observational surveys and intervention studies have shown that excess body fatness is the major environmental cause of type 2 diabetes, and that even a minor weight loss can prevent its development in high-risk subjects. Maintenance of a healthy body weight in susceptible individuals requires 45–60 minutes physical activity daily, a fat-reduced diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables, whole grain, and lean meat and dairy products, and moderate consumption of calorie containing beverages. The use of table values to predict the glycemic index of meals is of little – if any – value, and the role of a low-glycemic index diet for body weight control is controversial. The replacement of starchy carbohydrates with protein from lean meat and lean dairy products enhances satiety, and facilitate weight control. It is possible that dairy calcium also promotes weight loss, although the mechanism of action remains unclear. A weight loss of 5–10% can be induced in almost all obese patients providing treatment is offered by a professional team consisting of a physician and dieticians or nurses trained to focus on weight loss and maintenance. Whereas increasing daily physical activity and regular exercise does not significantly effect the rate of weight loss in the induction phase, it plays an important role in the weight maintenance phase due to an impact on daily energy expenditure and also to a direct enhancement of insulin sensitivity.

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