Effect of varying the concentration of sulphuric acid and ammonium hydroxide on the release of cellulose from isolated cell wall component of corn cob

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Safiya Yakubu ◽  
Ya’u Anas ◽  
Halima Ibrahim ◽  
Fati Ahmed Abdullahi ◽  
Aisha Sani Dalhatu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
High Price ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Glucose Yield ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Isolated Cell

The scarcity and high price associated with fossil fuel has urged countries to research resources for alternative energy sources. Biofuels like bioethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass (corn cob) were considered potential alternative. Cellulose composition from isolated cell wall material of corn cobs was investigated under two different pre-treatments using H2SO4 and NH4OH at varying concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. Cell wall not treated acted as control. Colorimetric anthrone-assay followed by absorbance reading at 625nm revealed that glucose is present in reasonable amount in corn cob. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences among pre-treated compared to untreated (Control) corn cob samples at p≤0.05. Acid pre-treatment showed better glucose yield compared to alkali pre-treatment with results revealing 20% (19.37µg/ml) H2SO4 to be the optimal concentration producing highest glucose yield. The study reveals the potential of corn cob as a lignocellulosic feed stock for biofuel production.

Composition and properties of the cell wall of Methanospirillum hungatii

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Sprott ◽  
R. C. McKellar
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Bond Breaking ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Cell Wall Proteins ◽  
Isolated Cell

Dithiothreitol reacted, at pH 9.0, with the isolated cell walls of Methanospirillum hungatii, to release about 23% of the cell wall dry weight as a high molecular weight fraction (> 0.5 million daltons). Untreated walls consisted of 70% amino acids, 11% lipid, and 6.6% carbohydrate. Sugars were identified as rhamnose, ribose, glucose, galactose, and mannose. The wall material that was released contained only 47% amino acids and was enriched in lipid, glucose, and phosphate. These results support data from electron micrographs, showing the localized release of cell wall material by the disulfide bond-breaking reagent at alkaline pH. In amino acid composition the untreated walls did not differ greatly from the material released by dithiothreitol, but differed considerably from the walls of another strain of M. hungatii. The ratios of the amino acids found in the cell wall proteins of several archaebacteria and of Bacillus cereus spore coats were similar.

scholarly journals Differential Response of Two Tomato Genotypes, Wild Type cv. Ailsa Craig and Its ABA-Deficient Mutant flacca to Short-Termed Drought Cycles

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2308
Author(s):  
Bojana Živanović ◽  
Sonja Milić Komić ◽  
Nenad Nikolić ◽  
Dragosav Mutavdžić ◽  
Tatjana Srećković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Isolated Cell ◽  
Tomato Genotypes

Two tomato genotypes with constitutively different ABA level, flacca mutant and wild type of Ailsa Craig cv. (WT), were subjected to three repeated drought cycles, with the aim to reveal the role of the abscisic acid (ABA) threshold in developing drought tolerance. Differential responses to drought of two genotypes were obtained: more pronounced stomatal closure, ABA biosynthesis and proline accumulation in WT compared to the mutant were compensated by dry weight accumulation accompanied by transient redox disbalance in flacca. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis of isolated cell wall material and morphological parameter measurements on tomato leaves indicated changes in dry weight accumulation and carbon re-allocation to cell wall constituents in flacca, but not in WT. A higher proportion of cellulose, pectin and lignin in isolated cell walls from flacca leaves further increased with repeated drought cycles. Different ABA-dependent stomatal closure between drought cycles implies that acquisition of stomatal sensitivity may be a part of stress memory mechanism developed under given conditions. The regulatory role of ABA in the cell wall restructuring and growth regulation under low leaf potential was discussed with emphasis on the beneficial effects of drought priming in developing differential defense strategies against drought.

scholarly journals RELATION OF RHEUMATIC-LIKE CARDIAC LESIONS OF THE MOUSE TO LOCALIZATION OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL CELL WALLS

1969 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Ohanian ◽  
J. H. Schwab ◽  
W. J. Cromartie
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Nodes ◽  
Loose Connective Tissue ◽  
Streptococcal Cell Wall ◽  
Cardiac Lesions ◽  
Group A ◽  
Isolated Cell

Mice injected intraperitoneally with isolated cell wall fragments of Group A streptococci develop a carditis similar to that previously observed in mice injected with crude extracts of this organism. Neither the soluble cytoplasmic components of Group A streptococcal cells nor the nonfragmented cell walls produced carditis in this experimental model. Fluorescein and 125I-labeled antibodies specific for Group A streptococcal cell wall antigens were used to demonstrate that, for 5 wk after injection, cell wall material is localized around the sites of active lesions in the heart. In addition, the cell wall antigen accumulates in the liver, spleen, mediastinal lymph nodes, and the adjacent loose connective tissue, where it persists for at least 10 wk.

Ultrastructure and Morphology of the Neurospora Crassa Cell Wall Mutants, Slime And Slime X, Using Tem and Sem

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Karen S. Howard ◽  
H. D. Braymer ◽  
M. D. Socolofsky ◽  
S. A. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
X Cells ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Isolated Cell

The recently isolated cell wall mutant slime X of Neurospora crassa was prepared for ultrastructural and morphological comparison with the cell wall mutant slime. The purpose of this article is to discuss the methods of preparation for TEM and SEM observations, as well as to make a preliminary comparison of the two mutants.TEM: Cells of the slime mutant were prepared for thin sectioning by the method of Bigger, et al. Slime X cells were prepared in the same manner with the following two exceptions: the cells were embedded in 3% agar prior to fixation and the buffered solutions contained 5% sucrose throughout the procedure.SEM: Two methods were used to prepare mutant and wild type Neurospora for the SEM. First, single colonies of mutant cells and small areas of wild type hyphae were cut from solid media and fixed with OSO4 vapors similar to the procedure used by Harris, et al. with one alteration. The cell-containing agar blocks were dehydrated by immersion in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP).

Silica Incorporation in the Cell Wall of the Singing Cell of Urtica dioica

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 584-585
Author(s):  
A. E. Sowers ◽  
E. L. Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Urtica Dioica ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Pain Response ◽  
Apical Portion ◽  
Ultrastructural Investigation ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Bulbous Tip

Plant stinging emergences exhibit functional similarities in that they all elicit a pain response upon contact. A stinging emergence consists of an elongated stinging cell and a multicellular pedestal (Fig. 1). A recent ultrastructural investigation of these structures has revealed the ontogeny and morphology of the stinging cells differs in representative genera in the four plant families which possess such structures. A unique feature of the stinging cell of Urtica dioica is the presence of a siliceous cell wall in the apical portion of the cell. This rigid region of the cell wall is responsible for producing the needle-like apparatus which penetrates the skin. The stinging cell differentiates the apical bulbous tip early in development and the cell continues growth by intercalary addition of non-silicified wall material until maturity.The uppermost region of the stinging cell wall is entirely composed of silica (Fig. 2, 3) and upon etching with a 3% solution of HF (5 seconds), the silica is partially removed revealing the wall consisting of individualized silica bodies (Fig. 4, 5).

scholarly journals Development of non-derivatizing hydrate salt pre-treatment solvent for pre-treatment and fractionation of corn cob

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1947444
Author(s):  
Olayile Ejekwu ◽  
Augustine Omoniyi Ayeni ◽  
Olawumi Sadare ◽  
Michael Olawale Daramola
Keyword(s):  
Corn Cob ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Hydrate Salt

scholarly journals New methods for confocal imaging of infection threads in crop and model legumes

Plant Methods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus E. Rae ◽  
Vivien Rolland ◽  
Rosemary G. White ◽  
Ulrike Mathesius
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Imaging Of Infection

Abstract Background The formation of infection threads in the symbiotic infection of rhizobacteria in legumes is a unique, fascinating, and poorly understood process. Infection threads are tubes of cell wall material that transport rhizobacteria from root hair cells to developing nodules in host roots. They form in a type of reverse tip-growth from an inversion of the root hair cell wall, but the mechanism driving this growth is unknown, and the composition of the thread wall remains unclear. High resolution, 3-dimensional imaging of infection threads, and cell wall component specific labelling, would greatly aid in our understanding of the nature and development of these structures. To date, such imaging has not been done, with infection threads typically imaged by GFP-tagged rhizobia within them, or histochemically in thin sections. Results We have developed new methods of imaging infection threads using novel and traditional cell wall fluorescent labels, and laser confocal scanning microscopy. We applied a new Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain using rhodamine-123 to the labelling of whole cleared infected roots of Medicago truncatula; which allowed for imaging of infection threads in greater 3D detail than had previously been achieved. By the combination of the above method and a calcofluor-white counter-stain, we also succeeded in labelling infection threads and plant cell walls separately, and have potentially discovered a way in which the infection thread matrix can be visualized. Conclusions Our methods have made the imaging and study of infection threads more effective and informative, and present exciting new opportunities for future research in the area.

Synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy reveals the response of Sphagnum cell wall material to its aqueous chemical environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Ewen Silvester ◽  
Annaleise R. Klein ◽  
Kerry L. Whitworth ◽  
Ljiljana Puskar ◽  
Mark J. Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Chemical Environment ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Flowing Liquid ◽  
Infrared Microspectroscopy

Environmental contextSphagnum moss is a widespread species in peatlands globally and responsible for a large fraction of carbon storage in these systems. We used synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy to characterise the acid-base properties of Sphagnum moss and the conditions under which calcium uptake can occur (essential for plant tissue integrity). The work allows a chemical model for Sphagnum distribution in the landscape to be proposed. AbstractSphagnum is one the major moss types responsible for the deposition of organic soils in peatland systems. The cell walls of this moss have a high proportion of carboxylated polysaccharides (polygalacturonic acids), which act as ion exchangers and are likely to be important for the structural integrity of the cell walls. We used synchrotron light source infrared microspectroscopy to characterise the acid-base and calcium complexation properties of the cell walls of Sphagnum cristatum stems, using freshly sectioned tissue confined in a flowing liquid cell with both normal water and D2O media. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of acid and base forms are consistent with those expected for protonated and deprotonated aliphatic carboxylic acids (such as uronic acids). Spectral deconvolution shows that the dominant aliphatic carboxylic groups in this material behave as a monoprotic acid (pKa=4.97–6.04). The cell wall material shows a high affinity for calcium, with a binding constant (K) in the range 103.9–104.7 (1:1 complex). The chemical complexation model developed here allows for the prediction of the chemical environment (e.g. pH, ionic content) under which Ca2+ uptake can occur, and provides an improved understanding for the observed distribution of Sphagnum in the landscape.

scholarly journals Characterization of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 5 Proteins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1650-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Encarnación Dueñas-Santero ◽  
Ana Belén Martín-Cuadrado ◽  
Thierry Fontaine ◽  
Jean-Paul Latgé ◽  
Francisco del Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Schizosaccharomyces Pombe ◽  
Protein Characterization ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase Family ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Controlled Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolase Family

ABSTRACT In yeast, enzymes with β-glucanase activity are thought to be necessary in morphogenetic events that require controlled hydrolysis of the cell wall. Comparison of the sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae exo-β(1,3)-glucanase Exg1 with the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome allowed the identification of three genes that were named exg1 + (locus SPBC1105.05), exg2 + (SPAC12B10.11), and exg3 + (SPBC2D10.05). The three proteins have different localizations: Exg1 is secreted to the periplasmic space, Exg2 is a membrane protein, and Exg3 is a cytoplasmic protein. Characterization of the biochemical activity of the proteins indicated that Exg1 and Exg3 are active only against β(1,6)-glucans while no activity was detected for Exg2. Interestingly, Exg1 cleaves the glucans with an endohydrolytic mode of action. exg1 + showed periodic expression during the cell cycle, with a maximum coinciding with the septation process, and its expression was dependent on the transcription factor Sep1. The Exg1 protein localizes to the septum region in a pattern that was different from that of the endo-β(1,3)-glucanase Eng1. Overexpression of Exg2 resulted in an increase in cell wall material at the poles and in the septum, but the putative catalytic activity of the protein was not required for this effect.

scholarly journals THE LYSIS OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI BY EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES OF STREPTOMYCES ALBUS

1952 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maclyn McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Carbohydrate Component ◽  
Streptococcal Cell Wall ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Enzymatic Lysis ◽  
Streptomyces Albus ◽  
Group A ◽  
Isolated Cell

Cell wall preparations of uniform chemical constitution have been obtained from several strains of group A streptococci. The isolated cell walls are dissolved by the same fractions of the Streptomyces albus enzymes that are effective in the lysis of intact cells, and it is likely that enzymatic lysis of group A streptococci is effected by an attack on the cell wall. The streptococcal cell wall, as prepared in this study, consists of approximately two-thirds carbohydrate and one-third protein. Small amounts of other components may be present. The carbohydrate component, which is composed primarily of N-acetyl-glucosamine and rhamnose, is the group-specific C carbohydrate. The evidence indicates that one of the streptomyces enzymes is directed toward the carbohydrate component of the cell wall.

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