scholarly journals Assessment of Household Management Practices of Drinking Water in Two Selected Rural Communities of Plateau State

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
E.O. Okoh ◽  
C.A. Miner ◽  
G.N. Ode ◽  
A.I. Zoakah
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Plateau State

Background: Understanding how drinking water is managed in rural households that lack access to improved water sources is necessary for designing effective strategies that can meet their drinking water requirements. This study aimed to assess the drinking water management practices of rural households in two selected communities of Plateau State.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Plateau State among 202 female caregivers of under-five children residing in households of two rural communities who were selected using a multistage sampling technique. An interviewer-administered  questionnaire and an observational checklist were used to obtain information on water sources, collection, storage and treatment  practices. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0. Bivariate analysis was done to identify factors associated with household water treatment practice followed by logistic regression to determine predictors. Level of significance was set at p<0.05.Results: Mean age of respondents was 32.5±12.3 years. Nearly half (48%) of the households obtained drinking water from unimproved sources and 18.3% treated water at home which were mainly inappropriate methods. About 75% always stored drinking water separately from other uses while 64% stored water for over 3days. Only 51% were observed to store water in clean containers. Independent  predictors of household water treatment were perception of drinking water safety (AOR=4.6; 95%CI: 2.1–10.3) and encouragement to treat water within the community (AOR=16.7; 95%CI: 2.1 – 28.5).Conclusion: There is a need to educate and encourage the rural populace on appropriate water management methods while efforts are being made to increase access to improved sources.

scholarly journals A comparative study on the effect of household water treatment on diarrhoea morbidity among under-fives in Plateau State, Nigeria using two treatment modalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (05) ◽  
pp. 1789-1799
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Onyi Okoh ◽  
Esther Awazzi Envuladu ◽  
Chundung Asabe Miner ◽  
Amina Mohammed ◽  
Gloria Nengi Ode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Plateau State

Background: Consumption of unsafe water contributes to diarrhoeal burden in sub-Sahara Africa. This burden can be reduced by simple and affordable methods of household water treatment. The study aims at comparing the effect of two of such methods on diarrheal burden among under-fives in rural communities of Plateau State. Methodology: A community-based quasi experimental study was conducted among 202 underfive-caregiver pairs in two selected rural communities of Plateau State, involving household water treatment with flocculant-disinfectant powder in intervention group and sodium hypochlorite solution in control group respectively. History of diarrhoea before intervention, at 2 weekly intervals during the intervention and after intervention was assessed. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Prevalence and incidence of diarrhoea were calculated and compared among the two groups. Result: Diarrhoea prevalence at pre-intervention was 19.6% in flocculant-disinfectant group and 17.0% in sodium hypochlorite group. At post intervention, the prevalence reduced significantly by 94.7% (19.6% to 1%) in intervention group and by 76.5% (17% to 4.2%) in control group. There was no statistical significant difference in the prevalence of diarrhoea between the two groups, however, diarrhoea incidence in the sodium hypochlorite group (1.12 episode per child per year) was significantly higher than the incidence in the flocculant-disinfectant group (0.59 episodes per child per year) with a  risk-ratio of 1.93 (95% CI: 1.037 - 3.703). Conclusion: Household water treatment with flocculant-disinfectant reduced diarrhoea burden better than sodium hypochlorite. This technology should be made more available and assessible to rural communities where diarrhea burden is high.

scholarly journals After the flood: an evaluation of in-home drinking water treatment with combined flocculent-disinfectant following Tropical Storm Jeanne — Gonaives, Haiti, 2004

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romulo E. Colindres ◽  
Seema Jain ◽  
Anna Bowen ◽  
Eric Mintz ◽  
Polyana Domond
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Tropical Storm ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Local Leaders

Tropical Storm Jeanne struck Haiti in September 2004, causing widespread flooding which contaminated water sources, displaced thousands of families and killed approximately 2,800 people. Local leaders distributed PūR®, a flocculent-disinfectant product for household water treatment, to affected populations. We evaluated knowledge, attitudes, practices, and drinking water quality among a sample of PūR® recipients. We interviewed representatives of 100 households in three rural communities who received PūR® and PūR®-related education. Water sources were tested for fecal contamination and turbidity; stored household water was tested for residual chlorine. All households relied on untreated water sources (springs [66%], wells [15%], community taps [13%], and rivers [6%]). After distribution, PūR® was the most common in-home treatment method (58%) followed by chlorination (30%), plant-based flocculation (6%), boiling (5%), and filtration (1%). Seventy-eight percent of respondents correctly answered five questions about how to use PūR®; 81% reported PūR® easy to use; and 97% reported that PūR®-treated water appears, tastes, and smells better than untreated water. Although water sources tested appeared clear, fecal coliform bacteria were detected in all sources (range 1 – &gt;200 cfu/100 ml). Chlorine was present in 10 (45%) of 22 stored drinking water samples in households using PūR®. PūR® was well-accepted and properly used in remote communities where local leaders helped with distribution and education. This highly effective water purification method can help protect disaster-affected communities from waterborne disease.

scholarly journals Potential of ceramic and biosand water filters as low-cost point-of-use water treatment options for household use in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebele Erhuanga ◽  
Maingaila Moono Banda ◽  
Doutimiye Kiakubu ◽  
Isah Bolaji Kashim ◽  
Bioye Ogunjobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Filter Design ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water Filters

Abstract Many households in Nigeria lack access to safe drinking water. Sixty-three percent (63%) of the nation's population live in rural areas where only 3% of households have access to safely managed drinking water. This suggests an urgent need for intervention to offer sustainable solutions to drinking water needs at household levels. An operational research was commissioned by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Nigeria to generate evidence to inform and guide Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programming on household water quality. This involved an assessment of local manufacturing of household water filters; factors influencing social acceptability and market opportunities for clay and biosand water filters in Nigeria. Implementation of the research recommendations by the filter factories resulted in improved bacterial removal efficiency (&gt;97%) in filters. Factors such as filter design and efficiency were shown to influence acceptability of filters, which influenced the price at which users were willing to pay for the filters in the study areas. The market research indicated low popularity of the filters due to lack of promotion and marketing of the water filters. The research outcomes show great potential for sustainability and marketability of clay and biosand water filters for household water treatment in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Assessment of effectiveness of water safety plans (WSP) on water quality in rural communities of Anambra State, south-eastern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azubuike S. Ekwere ◽  
Oyonga A. Oyonga ◽  
Maingaila M. Banda
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Water Safety Plans

Abstract World Health Organization recommends the use of Water Safety Plans as a systematic approach to ensure safe drinking water supply through a comprehensive risk assessment and management. This research assesses the implementation of WSPs in Anambra State, Nigeria based on understanding the outcomes of the community's WSP implementation and provides recommendations to improve the WSP process. To meet these objectives, a mixed-methods protocol was used, including, household surveys on water management practices, water quality testing to determine water safety of households' transport, stored and source waters and qualitative data collection. An evaluation on the implementation of WSPs in two council's areas, relative to non-WSP implementing communities, the following activities was conducted: 120 household surveys; water sample testing at water sources; Focus Group Discussions with key informant, water facility staff. Results indicates: water sources in both councils are producing relatively clean water; water management practices at the source were relatively safe with minor risky practices in a few communities; households involved risky practices that led to contamination from transported through to stored water and water facility caretakers were aware of their responsibilities. Recontamination of the source water during transportation and storage remained the main difficulty in ensuring consumption of safe water.

scholarly journals Assessing Drinking Water Quality at the Point of Collection and within Household Storage Containers in the Hilly Rural Areas of Mid and Far-Western Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2172 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Daniel ◽  
Arnt Diener ◽  
Jack van de Vossenberg ◽  
Madan Bhatta ◽  
Sara J. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Storage Containers

Accurate assessments of drinking water quality, household hygenic practices, and the mindset of the consumers are critical for developing effective water intervention strategies. This paper presents a microbial quality assessment of 512 samples from household water storage containers and 167 samples from points of collection (POC) in remote rural communities in the hilly area of western Nepal. We found that 81% of the stored drinking water samples (mean log10 of all samples = 1.16 colony-forming units (CFU)/100 mL, standard deviation (SD) = 0.84) and 68% of the POC samples (mean log10 of all samples = 0.57 CFU/100 mL, SD = 0.86) had detectable E. coli. The quality of stored water was significantly correlated with the quality at the POC, with the majority (63%) of paired samples showing a deterioration in quality post-collection. Locally applied household water treatment (HWT) methods did not effectively improve microbial water quality. Among all household sanitary inspection questions, only the presence of livestock near the water storage container was significantly correlated with its microbial contamination. Households’ perceptions of their drinking water quality were mostly influenced by the water’s visual appearance, and these perceptions in general motivated their use of HWT. Improving water quality within the distribution network and promoting safer water handling practices are proposed to reduce the health risk due to consumption of contaminated water in this setting.

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