scholarly journals After the flood: an evaluation of in-home drinking water treatment with combined flocculent-disinfectant following Tropical Storm Jeanne — Gonaives, Haiti, 2004

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romulo E. Colindres ◽  
Seema Jain ◽  
Anna Bowen ◽  
Eric Mintz ◽  
Polyana Domond
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Tropical Storm ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Local Leaders

Tropical Storm Jeanne struck Haiti in September 2004, causing widespread flooding which contaminated water sources, displaced thousands of families and killed approximately 2,800 people. Local leaders distributed PūR®, a flocculent-disinfectant product for household water treatment, to affected populations. We evaluated knowledge, attitudes, practices, and drinking water quality among a sample of PūR® recipients. We interviewed representatives of 100 households in three rural communities who received PūR® and PūR®-related education. Water sources were tested for fecal contamination and turbidity; stored household water was tested for residual chlorine. All households relied on untreated water sources (springs [66%], wells [15%], community taps [13%], and rivers [6%]). After distribution, PūR® was the most common in-home treatment method (58%) followed by chlorination (30%), plant-based flocculation (6%), boiling (5%), and filtration (1%). Seventy-eight percent of respondents correctly answered five questions about how to use PūR®; 81% reported PūR® easy to use; and 97% reported that PūR®-treated water appears, tastes, and smells better than untreated water. Although water sources tested appeared clear, fecal coliform bacteria were detected in all sources (range 1 – >200 cfu/100 ml). Chlorine was present in 10 (45%) of 22 stored drinking water samples in households using PūR®. PūR® was well-accepted and properly used in remote communities where local leaders helped with distribution and education. This highly effective water purification method can help protect disaster-affected communities from waterborne disease.

scholarly journals First Derivative UV Spectra of Surface Water as a Monitor of Chlorination in Drinking Water Treatment

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Zitko
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Uv Spectra ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
First Derivative ◽  
Derivative Spectra

Many countries require the presence of free chlorine at about 0.1 mg/l in their drinking water supplies. For various reasons, such as cast-iron pipes or long residence times in the distribution system, free chlorine may decrease below detection limits. In such cases it is important to know whether or not the water was chlorinated or if nonchlorinated water entered the system by accident. Changes in UV spectra of natural organic matter in lakewater were used to assess qualitatively the degree of chlorination in the treatment to produce drinking water. The changes were more obvious in the first derivative spectra. In lakewater, the derivative spectra have a maximum at about 280 nm. This maximum shifts to longer wavelengths by up to 10 nm, decreases, and eventually disappears with an increasing dose of chlorine. The water treatment system was monitored by this technique for over 1 year and changes in the UV spectra of water samples were compared with experimental samples treated with known amounts of chlorine. The changes of the UV spectra with the concentration of added chlorine are presented. On several occasions, water, which received very little or no chlorination, may have entered the drinking water system. The results show that first derivative spectra are potentially a tool to determine, in the absence of residual chlorine, whether or not surface water was chlorinated during the treatment to produce potable water.

scholarly journals Households Drinking Water Sources and Treatment Methods Options in a Regional Irrigation Scheme

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Emmy C. Kerich
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Irrigation Canal ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Hand Weeding

Access to safe and clean drinking water is a major challenge to the people living around Ahero Irrigation Scheme (AIS). Water sources in the area are constantly and increasingly polluted by agrochemical like pesticides from rice farming. 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is an herbicide extensively used in AIS. The neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, cytotoxic and hepatoxic effects of (2,4-D) have been well documented. Residues of (2,4-D) have been documented in ponds, rivers, lakes and irrigation canals. Therefore this study surveyed agrochemicals used in AIS, the drinking water source for the residents and finally water treatment option for the obtained water in the year 2013. The study established that (52.8%) of the farmers used hand-weeding and 20.8% of them use (2,4-D) for the weeds control. Results indicated that the most preferred water source was lined improved well (47.2%) followed by irrigation canal (22.2%), the least preferred was rain water with (2.8%). The most used method of water treatment was chlorination (45.8%). Spearman’s coefficient of correlation ( ) revealed that there was positive correlation between the two variables ( =0.145, 72, p=0.224>0.05). As  is positive, it implies that the type of treatment given to water depend on its source of the water. Despite the use of chlorinate with almost half of the residents, some of them (22.2%) do not treat their water at all, which may pose a risk of getting water related diseases. Furthermore, despite a proportional number of residents obtaining their water from irrigation canal, all of them do not have appropriate method/s for treating water contaminated with organic pollutants such as herbicides. There is a need to promote water appropriate drinking water treatment method/s in the study area to prevent water related diseases at the family level. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2020-01-01-02 Full Text: PDF

scholarly journals Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Genes in Two Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution Systems in the North-West Province of South Africa

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 745
Author(s):  
Collins Njie Ateba ◽  
Naledi Mahalia Tabi ◽  
Justine Fri ◽  
Marie Ebob Agbortabot Bissong ◽  
Cornelius Carlos Bezuidenhout
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
North West Province

With the increasing spread of antimicrobial resistance, there is growing attention to the contribution made by drinking water systems. The potential health impact of two drinking water treatment and distribution systems (A and B) in the North-West Province of South Africa was determined by investigating the water quality and occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant heterotrophic bacteria and genes in the raw and treated water over four seasons. Most of the physicochemical parameters except for electrical conductivity were within permissible limits. Coliform bacteria reduced from raw to potable water except for counts higher than the threshold recorded in Summer and Winter. A total of 203 heterotrophic bacterial isolates were recovered on chromogenic R2A medium and subjected to susceptibility testing to twelve antibiotics. Most of the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and Trimethoprim, whereas they were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Neomycin. The proportions of Cephalothin and Kanamycin-resistant isolates were significantly higher (p < 0.05) after treatment for site A, compared to significantly lower β-lactam, Oxytetracycline, and Trimethoprim-resistant isolates for B. Over 50% of isolates were of high risk, indicating their origin from high antibiotic-use sources. Seventy-one (35%) isolates were multidrug-resistant, out of which the majority (53.5%, n = 38) possessed the strA gene, followed by strB 21 (29.6%), dfrB 13 (18.3%), aadA 11 (15.5%), blaCTX-M 5 (7.0%), and tetA 3 (4.2%). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the isolates revealed strains belonging to eight bacterial families, some of which are clinically important.

Occurrence of microcystins in raw water sources and treated drinking water of Finnish waterworks

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 225-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lahti ◽  
J. Rapala ◽  
A-L. Kivimäki ◽  
J. Kukkonen ◽  
M. Niemelä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bank Filtration ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Guide Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Treated Drinking Water

Problems caused by cyanobacteria are common around the world and also in raw water sources of drinking water treatment plants. Strains belonging to genera Microcystis, Anabaena and Planktothrix produce potent hepatotoxins, the microcystins. Laboratory and pilot scale studies have shown that microcystins dissolved in water may pass the conventional surface water treatment processes. In 1998 the World Health Organization proposed a guide value of 1 μg/L for microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in drinking water. The purpose of this research was to study the occurrence of microcystins in raw water sources of surface waterworks and in bank filtration plants and to evaluate the removal of microcystins in operating waterworks. Four bank filtration plants and nine surface waterworks using different processes for water treatment were monitored. Phytoplankton was identified and quantified, and microcystins analysed with sensitive immunoassay. Microcystin occurrence in selected water samples was verified with HPLC and a protein phosphatase inhibition method. Microcystins were detected sporadically in raw water sources of most of the waterworks. In two raw water supplies toxins were detected for several months. The highest microcystin concentrations in incoming raw water were approximately 10 μg/L MC-LR equivalents. In treated drinking water microcystins were detected occasionally but the concentrations were always below the guide value proposed by WHO.

scholarly journals Oxidation of Selected Trace Organic Compounds through the Combination of Inline Electro-Chlorination with UV Radiation (UV/ECl2) as Alternative AOP for Decentralized Drinking Water Treatment

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3275
Author(s):  
Philipp Otter ◽  
Katharina Mette ◽  
Robert Wesch ◽  
Tobias Gerhardt ◽  
Frank-Marc Krüger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Trace Organic Compounds ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Trace Organic

A large variety of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) to degrade trace organic compounds during water treatment have been studied on a lab scale in the past. This paper presents the combination of inline electrolytic chlorine generation (ECl2) with low pressure UV reactors (UV/ECl2) in order to allow the operation of a chlorine-based AOP without the need for any chlorine dosing. Lab studies showed that from a Free Available Chlorine (FAC) concentration range between 1 and 18 mg/L produced by ECl2 up to 84% can be photolyzed to form, among others, hydroxyl radicals (OH) with an UV energy input of 0.48 kWh/m3. This ratio could be increased to 97% by doubling the UV energy input to 0.96 kWh/m3 and was constant throughout the tested FAC range. Also the achieved radical yield of 64% did not change along the given FAC concentration range and no dependence between pH 6 and pH 8 could be found, largely simplifying the operation of a pilot scale system in drinking water treatment. Whereas with ECl2 alone only 5% of benzotriazoles could be degraded, the combination with UV improved the degradation to 89%. Similar results were achieved for 4-methylbenzotriazole, 5-methylbenzotriazole and iomeprol. Oxipurinol and gabapentin were readily degraded by ECl2 alone. The trihalomethanes values were maintained below the Germany drinking water standard of 50 µg/L, provided residual chlorine concentrations are kept within the permissible limits. The here presented treatment approach is promising for decentralized treatment application but requires further optimization in order to reduce its energy requirements.

Exploring the Role of Coliform Bacteria in Class 1 Integron Carriage and Biofilm Formation During Drinking Water Treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anca Farkas ◽  
Cornelia Crăciunaş ◽  
Cecilia Chiriac ◽  
Edina Szekeres ◽  
Cristian Coman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Class 1 Integron ◽  
Class 1

Occurrence and separation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water treatment

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dolejš ◽  
O. Ditrich ◽  
T. Machula ◽  
N. Kalousková ◽  
G. Puzová
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Mixing Conditions ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Mixing Intensity ◽  
Treatment Train

The presence of Cryptosporidium sp. in Czech drinking water sources was monitored. High numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in the Slezska Harta reservoir after 1997 summer floods. The influence of iron (III) coagulant dose, mixing conditions and preozonation on the removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium oocysts was studied. Low mixing intensity produced flocs with poor settling features. The efficiency of sedimentation expressed as residual iron after sedimentation was proportional to removal efficiency of oocysts. Both underdosing or overdosing of iron (III) coagulant resulted in decrease of COD, turbidity and oocyst removal. Preozonation positively influenced removal efficiency of oocysts in the conventional drinking water treatment train studied.

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