Nutrients content and nutritive values of the leaves of alley woody species used in alley farming in Umudike Southern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
A.I. Onyenso ◽  
K.A. Nwobodo ◽  
A.M. Yakubu
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Alley Farming ◽  
Nutritive Values

Alley farming is an agroforestry system that utilizes trees for maintaining soil fertility and improving livestock production. This research assessed the nutrients and nutritive values of the leaves of four alley woody species: Cajanus cajan, Gliricidia sepium, Flamingia macrophylla and Leucaena leucocephala used at the agroforestry research farm of Department of Forestry and Environmental Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. Umudike. The results obtained showed that the leaves of the alley woody species contained: N, P, K, Ca, Mg and heavy metals like: Fe, Pb, Zn, and Cd in significant quantity while Cr was trace amount. Ni content was not significant (P>0.05). They also contained high moisture, Crude fibre, Crude protein, Carbohydrate and vitamins. The four alley woody species could be an ideal combination in alley farming system in revitalizing poor agricultural soil through litterfall and nutrient cycling and as well provide forage for livestock production. Keywords: Alley farming, alley woody species, nutrient content, nutritive value

A note on the substitution of sorghum for barley in diets for fattening pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Fattening Pigs

Changes in prices of the basic cereals make it necessary to have a reliable assessment of their relative nutritive values if maximum economic efficiency of pig production is to be attained. As the primary role of cereals in pig feeds is as a source of energy, it is on this basis that comparison should be made but with due allowance for any major differences in nutrient content which may necessitate differential supplementation.Sorghum, or milo, is a cereal imported into the United Kingdom which, at times, may be competitive with other cereals for price per ton but about whose nutritive value there is some confusion. Sorghum has not often been compared with barley as a cereal for pigs, but its value relative to that of maize seems to vary widely, between 80 and 100% (Braude, Mitchell and Robinson, 1950; Hillier, MacVicar and Pond, 1954; Aubel, 1956; Loeffel, 1957; Peo and Hudman, 1958; Schruben, 1959; Vanschoubroek, Spaendonk and Nauwynck, 1964). Estimates of relative digestible energy values (DE) are equally variable; the DE value of sorghum has been assessed as 94·5% (Diggs, Becker, Terrill and Jensen, 1959) and 96·2% (Robinson and Lewis, 1962) that of maize, whereas the TDN value given by Evans (1960) is greater than that of maize. Robinson and Lewis (1962) consider the DE value of sorghum to be 140% ofthat of barley, but Evans (1960) quotes a TDN value for sorghum which is 111% of that of barley. While variation in the type of sorghum used may account for some of this discrepancy, Dammers and Djikstra (1961) found little difference between the varieties milocorn, kaffir corn, granifero and white dari, and only guinea corn differed in having a lower energy value.

Studies On Browse Plants in Ghana II. Digestibility, (d) Digestibility Of Grewia Carpinifolia From The Accra Plains, Using Local Cattle As Experimental Animals

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
G. L. Mabey ◽  
R. Rose Innes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Accra Plains

SummaryDigestibility of the palatable indigenous shrub Grewia carpinifolia was investigated. Digestion coefficients (%) were—organic matter 70, dry matter 70, crude protein 78, crude fibre 54, nitrogenfree extract 81, ether extract 13 and ash 52. Calculated nutritive values were—starch equivalent 27.3 and digestible crude protein 5.0, giving a nutritive ratio of about 1 : 5. The material used was moderately young.

Adaptation of Medicago rigidula to a cereal–pasture rotation in north-west Syria

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Abd El-Moneim ◽  
P. S. Cocks
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
North West ◽  
Selection Programme ◽  
Ley Farming ◽  
Medicago Rigidula ◽  
Subsequent Regeneration

SUMMARYThe ley-farming system (integrated cereal and livestock production in which cerealsrotate with self-regenerating pastures) is considered to be of great potential benefit to north Africa and west Asia. In the colder parts of this region (of which north Syria is typical) its application is limited by poor adaptation of commercial medic cultivars (mainly Medicago truncatula and M. littoralis). An extended selection programme hag identified M. rigidula as adapted to the soils and climate of the region but nothing is known of its adaptation to the ley-farming system itself.An experiment which included 23 selections of M. rigidula and one each of M. rotata and M. noeana was conducted over 3 years during which herbage production, seed yield, and the fate of seeds were observed during the 1st year when pastures were established, the 2nd year when wheat was sown, and the 3rd year when the pasture regenerated. Of the 400–800 kg seed/ha produced in the 1st year an average of 87% remained in the soil in spring of the 3rd year. The weight of seed regenerating in the 3rd year varied from 30 to nearly 170 kg/ha, and herbage production, especially in winter, depended heavily on the number of regenerating seedlings. The most productive regenerating pastures produced nearly 2 t/ha of dried herbage by 1 January, and more than 6 t/ha for the whole growing season.The results showed that there was sufficient residual and newly produced seed at the end of the 3rd year to be sure that subsequent regeneration would result in similar herbage yields in the 5th year, and that the pasture was assured of long-term persistence. The significance of this for livestock production is discussed, and it is concluded that the results should encourage further investigation of grazing management and socioeconomic factors seen as constraints to introducing the ley-farming system to north Syria.

Environmental policy and swine manure management Waste not or want not?

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L. Hoag ◽  
Fritz M. Roka
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Interactive Nature

AbstractLivestock production and manure handling decisions often have been treated in the literature as separate enterprises. Policymakers, too, have ignored the interactive nature of manure management by focusing on land application for nutrient disposal. This study outlines a systems approach to describe the interrelated decisions producers face, using examples from North Carolina and Iowa that show how producers' attitudes toward manure management lead them to handle manure differently in different regions. In North Carolina, nutrients in manure are “not wanted.” There are economic incentives to treat manure, thus reducing its nutrient content, and to apply it on as little land as possible. In Iowa, nutrients are “not wasted.” Producers conserve the nutrients in manure and use them more fully, applying manure to higher value crops such as corn. Policies that influence manure management can be made more effective by accounting for the differences in producers' incentives to waste or want the nutrients.

The estimation of the nutritive value of feeds as energy sources for ruminants and the derivation of feeding systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYThe results of 80 calorimetric experiments with sheep and cattle, mostly conducted in Scotland, were analysed using a generalization of the Mitscherlich equation R = B(l–exp(–pG))–l, where R is daily energy retention and G daily gross energy intake, both scaled by dividing by the fasting metabolism. The relations between gross energy and metabolizable energy were also examined. Methods of fitting the Mitscherlich equation and the errors associated with it are presented.It is shown that the gross energy of the organic matter of feed can be estimated from proximate principles with an error of ±2·3% (coefficient of variation) and that provided different classes of feed are distinguished, the metabolizable energy of organic matter can be estimated from gross energy and crude fibre content with an error of ±6·9%. Parameters of the primary equation made with cattle agreed with those made with sheep and there was no evidence of non-proportionality of responses on substitution of feeds in mixtures.The efficiency of utilization of gross energy for maintenance and for body gain of energy was related to the metabolizability of gross energy and, in addition, to fibre or to protein content. Prediction equations are presented which describe these relationships.It is shown that the primary equation can be manipulated to express a number of biological concepts and that its two parameters B and p can be simply derived from estimates of the two efficiency terms for maintenance and production.The results are discussed in relation to the design of feeding systems for ruminant animals and to the derivation of optima in their feeding.

scholarly journals Modification of the summative equation to estimate daily total digestible nutrients for bermudagrass pasture

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prem Woli ◽  
Francis M Rouquette ◽  
Charles R Long ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi ◽  
Guillermo Scaglia
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Plant Maturity ◽  
Daily Total

Abstract In forage-animal nutrition modeling, diet energy is estimated mainly from the forage total digestible nutrients (TDN). As digestibility trials are expensive, TDN is usually estimated using summative equations. Early summative equations assumed a fixed coefficient to compute digestible fiber using the lignin-to-neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio. Subsequently, a structural coefficient (φ) was added to the summative equations to reflect an association between lignin and cell wall components. Additional modifications to the summative equations assumed a constant φ value, and they have been used as a standard method by many commercial laboratories and scientists. For feeds with nutritive values that do not change much over time, a constant φ value may suffice. However, for forages with nutritive values that keep changing during the grazing season owing to changes in weather and plant maturity, a constant φ value may add a systematic bias to prediction because it is associated with the variable lignin-to-NDF ratio. In this study, we developed a model to estimate φ as a function of the day of the year by using the daily TDN values of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], a popular warm-season perennial grass in the southern United States. The variable φ model was evaluated by using it in the TDN equation and comparing the estimated values with the observed ones obtained from several locations. Values of the various measures of fit used—the Willmott index (WI), the modeling efficiency (ME), R2, root mean square error (RMSE), and percent error (PE)—showed that using the variable φ vis-à-vis the constant φ improved the TDN equation significantly. The WI, ME, R2, RMSE, and PE values of 0.94, 0.80, 0.80, 2.5, and 4.7, respectively, indicated that the TDN equation with the variable φ model was able to mimic the observed values of TDN satisfactorily. Unlike the constant φ, the variable φ predicted more closely the forage nutritive value throughout the grazing season. The variable φ model may be useful to forage-beef modeling in accurately reflecting the impacts of plant maturity and weather on daily forage nutritive value and animal performance.

Morpho-physiological and nutritional characterization of rice bean (Vigna umbellata)

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Katoch
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Rice Bean ◽  
Vigna Umbellata ◽  
Superior Genotypes ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

Rice bean, a lesser known pulse, has excellent nutritive value. The seed yield of the crop is higher as compared to other pulses of the Vigna family. In the present study thirty diverse rice bean genotypes were evaluated for nutritional and morpho-physiological characteristics for selecting overall superior genotypes. Variations were observed for crude protein (16.1–19.12%), carbohydrates (59.28–76.89%), ascorbic acid (0.19–0.80 mg/100 g), crude fibre (4.23-6.0%), limiting amino acids, namely tryptophan (0.85–2.42 g/16 g N) and methionine (0.52–0.67 g/16 g N), and ether extract (0.57–2.13%). Anti-nutritional factors, such as total phenolics, total tannins, condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins and α-amylase inhibitor, also varied to a considerable extent. The cumulative grading of the genotypes based upon nutritional and morpho-physiological attributes revealed that the genotypes JCR-76, IC-137200, IC-140796 and IC-137189 were nutritionally superior genotypes for consumption.

scholarly journals Bacterial inoculant effect on quality of alfalfa silage and haylage

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Snezana Djordjevic ◽  
Violeta Mandic ◽  
Nikola Djordjevic ◽  
Biljana Pavlovic
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Starter Culture ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
High Level

Using of silage and haylage of forage legumes in ruminant nutrition and promotion of promoting proper forage conservation techniques should be an important strategy in livestock production in our country. Forage legumes are difficult to ensile, so it is necessary to apply the starter culture of selected strains of lactic acid bacteria that support the ensiling process and prevent bacterial butyric fermentation and thus contribute to the preservation and improvement of silage and haylage quality. In this paper, the influence of bacterial inoculant ?Silko for alfalfa? on the quality of silage and haylage of alfalfa in two separate trials is presented. The inoculant is a combination of homofermentative lactic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus spp. The first-cut alfalfa in the second year was used for silage and haylage. The silage was examined in mini-silos in the laboratory, and the haylage at the cattle farm where the plant material was cuts were collected in experimental silo bags. The treatments were control (untreated silage, i.e. haylage) and silage, i.e. haylage treated with inoculant ?Silko for alfalfa? (rate of 5 ml t-1 fresh material). The silages were analyzed after 90 days, and haylage after 40. The inoculant ?Silko for alfalfa? has been found to maintain the nutritive value of silage and haylage and to improve their chemical, energy and fermentation parameters relative to the control. Since ?Silko for alfalfa? positively affects the correct lactic acid fermentation of silage and haylage and contributes to a lesser loss of nutritional value and energy it is expected that it can promote a high level of productivity of ruminants, and thus contribute to the growth of profit in livestock production.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Pasting Properties of Whole Wheat and Whole Green Plantain Flour Blends and Quality Characteristics of Crackers Made from the Blends

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
U. E. Inyang ◽  
V. P. Elijah
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Pasting Properties ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Whole Wheat Flour ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Substitution Level ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Flour Blends

The demand for food products with functional attributes is on the increase worldwide. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of supplementing whole wheat flour with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% whole green plantain flour on pasting properties of the flour blends, proximate composition, minerals and sensory characteristics of crackers made from the blends. The 100% whole wheat flour served as the control sample. The result showed that the peak viscosity (PV), trough viscosity (TV), breakdown viscosity (BDV), final viscosity (FV) and setback viscosity (SBV) were significantly affected by the level of plantain flour substitution. The 20% plantain flour substitution level recorded the minimum PV (264.00RVU), TV (248.00RVU), FV (531.00RVU) and SBV (263.00RVU) while the 50% plantain flour substituted blend recorded the highest PV (362.00RVU), TV (328.00RVU) and FV (603.00RVU). The control sample recorded the highest SBV (312.00RVU) and least BDV (3.00RVU). The peak times for all the blended samples were the same (7 min) while the time for the control sample was 5 min. There was insignificant difference (P>0.05) in the pasting temperature which ranged from 91.30 – 92.80oC. The crude protein, fat and calcium contents progressively decreased while the ash, crude fibre, carbohydrate, K, Mg, Fe and Zn contents in the prepared crackers progressively increased with increase in the proportion of plantain flour substitution. Cracker prepared from the blend of 80% whole wheat and 20% whole green plantain flours was the most preferred by the sensory evaluation panellists in terms of taste, texture and overall acceptability. It is evident from the study that acceptable crackers of enhanced nutritive value could be produced from blend of 80% whole wheat and 20% whole green plantain flours. The use of flour from unpeeled plantain as ingredient in cracker production would eliminate waste generation and its associated environmental problems.

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