scholarly journals The prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors in school-going children from informal settlements in Nakuru town, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Chege
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

BackgroundIntestinal parasites are a major public health problem in the developing world and have attracted increasing levels of interest from health researchers over the past decade. Epidemiology-based studies have shown that the prevalence of intestinal parasites is high and they frequently recur in regions with poor sanitation and inadequate sewerage facilities. In this study, we determined the prevalence of intestinal parasites, their egg intensities per sample, and associated risk factors in an informal settlement.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted in three randomly selected public primary schools located in the informal settlements of Nakuru town. A total of 248 stool samples were collected from asymptomatic pupils and screened, using the Kato Katz technique, for infections caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STH). A random subset of stool samples (n=96) was also screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect intestinal protozoa. Socio-demographic variables were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire; these data were analysed to identify risk factors for infection. ResultsThe overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 17.3% (43/248 pupils). The overall prevalence of both STH and intestinal protozoan parasites was 1.2% and 41.7%, respectively. The most commonly diagnosed STH infection was Trichuris trichiura (1.2%), followed by hookworms (0.4%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (0.4%). The prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites ranged from 0% to 38.5% and included Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba dispar, Giardia intestinalis, and Entamoeba coli. All infections were light, with an egg intensity <100 for each of the STH infections. The prevalence of multiple infections, including intestinal protozoan parasites, was 5.2% (n=5) and 0.4% (n=1) for STH in the subset samples. Finally, our analysis identified several significant risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections, including goat rearing (p=0.046), living in a home with an earthen floor (p=0.022), the number of rooms in the household (p=0.035), and the source of food (p=0.016). ConclusionThe low prevalence of intestinal parasites in the informal settlements of Nakuru may be attributed to improvements in hygiene and sanitation, deworming, and general good health practices that are facilitated by the Department of Public Health.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated risk factors of human intestinal parasitic infections: a population-based study in the southeast of Kerman province, southeastern Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Abbaszadeh Afshar ◽  
Maryam Barkhori Mehni ◽  
Mostafa Rezaeian ◽  
Mehdi Mohebali ◽  
Vali Baigi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background Determination of the prevalence and distribution pattern of intestinal parasites is a fundamental step to set up an effective control program to improve the health status. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among inhabitants of Rudbar-e Jonub county, southeast of Kerman province, southeastern Iran.Methods In this cross-sectional study, 861 stool specimens were collected from inhabitants of Rudbar-e Jonub county through a multistage cluster sampling method in 2018. The collected specimens were examined by parasitological methods including, direct wet-mounting (for the fresh specimens with a watery consistency), formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation and agar plate culture.Results The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 34.2% (95% CI 30.1 to 38.2). The prevalence of protozoan parasites 32.3% (95% CI 28.4 to 36.5) was significantly higher than helminthic parasites 3.2% (95% CI 2.1 to 4.7). Blastocystis sp. , Entamoeba coli and Giardia lamblia as protozoan parasite and Hymenolepis nana as helminthic parasite were the most common detected intestinal parasites in the study. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar , Iodamoeba bütschlii , Chilomastix mesnili , Entamoeba hartmanni , Ascaris lambercoides , and Enterobius vermicularis were other detected parasites. Multiple logistic regression revealed a significant association of intestinal parasitic infections with source of drinking water and residency status (rural/urban). Multiple infections with 2 or 3 parasitic agents constituted 22.7% of 295 infected cases.Conclusions This study revealed a high prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among inhabitants of Rudbar-e Jonub county. Intestinal parasites especially protozoans remain a challenging public health problem wherever sanitation and health measures are limited in Iran.

scholarly journals Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among children attending a tertiary care hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 2698-2703
Author(s):  
Rajendra Kumar Karadiya ◽  
Saroj Hooja ◽  
Nita Pal ◽  
Rajeev Yadav ◽  
Nitya Vyas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are one of the major causes of morbidity in the developing world. This hospital-based prospective study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence rates of IPIs and to assess the risk factors associated with these infections in children attending a paediatric hospital. Seven hundred and five patients were analysed for IPIs and associated risk factors from April 2018 to March 2019. Information on the associated risk factors was obtained from a structured questionnaire protocol. Microscopic examination of stool samples was done by direct slide smear and after the formol-ether concentration technique. The overall prevalence of IPIs was 20.9%. In the age group, 5-9 years, the prevalence of parasitic infection (27.4%) was high. Among the intestinal parasites detected helminths and protozoans were 60.8% and 39.1% respectively. Among the helminths, Ascaris lumbricoides (20.5%) was most prevalent followed by Trichuris trichiura (18.1%) while among the protozoa Giardia intestinalis (18.7%) was most prevalent, followed by Entamoeba spp. (8.4%). Among the positive samples, the single parasite was detected in 87.8% while dual parasites were detected in 12.2% stool samples. Univariate analysis showed age, drinking water from an open well, a habit of open defecation, illiteracy and living in a rural area to be associated with a high risk of IPIs (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression revealed a significant association of intestinal parasitic infections with age (0-5years) and (10-14 years) and drinking water from an open well. Identifying and rectifying risk factors by creating awareness are needed to prevent community spread. Periodic deworming programmes should be implemented successfully in the community.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated risk factors of human intestinal parasitic infections: a population-based study in the southeast of Kerman province, southeastern Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Abbaszadeh Afshar ◽  
Maryam Barkhori Mehni ◽  
Mostafa Rezaeian ◽  
Mehdi Mohebali ◽  
Vali Baigi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background Determination of the prevalence and distribution pattern of intestinal parasites is a fundamental step to set up an effective control program to improve the health status. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among inhabitants of Rudbar-e Jonub county, southeast of Kerman province, southeastern Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 861 stool specimens were collected from inhabitants of Rudbar-e Jonub county through a multistage cluster sampling method in 2018. The collected specimens were examined by parasitological methods including, direct wet-mounting (for the fresh specimens with a watery consistency), formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation and agar plate culture. Results The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 34.2% (95% CI 30.1 to 38.2). The prevalence of protozoan parasites 32.3% (95% CI 28.4 to 36.5) was significantly higher than helminthic parasites 3.2% (95% CI 2.1 to 4.7). Blastocystis sp. (13.3%), Entamoeba coli (11.4%) and Giardia lamblia (10.6%) as protozoan parasite and Hymenolepis nana (2.4%) as helminthic parasite were the most common detected intestinal parasites in the study. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (1.5%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (1.0%), Chilomastix mesnili (0.5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (0.4%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.3%) and Ascaris lambercoides (0.3%) were other detected parasites. Multiple logistic regression revealed a significant association of intestinal parasitic infections with source of drinking water and residency status (rural/urban). Multiple infections with 2 or 3 parasitic agents constituted 22.7% of 295 infected cases. Conclusions This study revealed a high prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among inhabitants of Rudbar-e Jonub county. Intestinal parasites especially protozoans remain a challenging public health problem wherever sanitation and health measures are limited in Iran.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Salmonella, Shigella, and Intestinal Parasites among Food Handlers in Motta Town, North West Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tibebu Yesigat ◽  
Mohabaw Jemal ◽  
Wubet Birhan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intestinal Parasite ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background. Intestinal parasite, Salmonella, and Shigella infections are the main public health concerns in the world, especially in developing countries due to inaccessibility of safe water and unhygienic food handling practices of food handlers. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in food handlers in Motta town, from February 2019 to April 2019. The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Salmonella, Shigella, and intestinal parasites among 243 food handlers. Sociodemographic and risk factors were collected using pretested structured questionnaire. The stool sample was collected and examined with direct wet mount and concentration techniques. Culture was performed using xylose lysine deoxycholate agar and MacConkey agar and biochemical tests like Klinger iron agar (KIA), lysine iron agar (LIA), Simmons citrate agar, sulphide indole motility test, citrate utilization, and urease production test were conducted to isolate Salmonella species and Shigella species. An antibiotics susceptibility test was performed with Mueller-Hinton agar using the disk diffusion method. Data were entered using statistical package Epi-Data Version 3.1 and analysed with logistic regression using SPSS version 25 and Fisher’s exact test. A p value < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant. Results. The prevalence of intestinal parasite, Salmonella, and Shigella was 27.6%, 2.5%, and 1.6%, respectively, and hookworm was the predominant intestinal parasite detected in the stool. Antimicrobial resistance was observed in ampicillin and tetracycline (100%) in Salmonella species and Shigella species. Risk factors like fingernail status, fruit washing before eating, cleaning utensils, and regular shoe wearing habit were associated with intestinal parasite, whereas fingernail status and wearing kitchen gown during food service were significantly associated with Salmonella and Shigella infections. Conclusion. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections, Salmonella, and Shigella infections in this study indicates the importance of food handlers as probable sources of enteropathogenic infections. Food handlers should have follow-up on the order of food safety rules and keep their personal hygiene. Hotel owners are responsible to control the health status and their created awareness by given food hygiene training for food handlers. Therefore, policy-makers and implementers should focus on the risk factors to reduce the prevalence below the level of public health importance.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Parasites and Associated Risk Factors among School Children in Merhabete District, Central Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nigus Dagne ◽  
Amir Alelign
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
School Children ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Central Ethiopia ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background. Intestinal protozoan parasitic infections remain one of the major public health problems in tropical regions especially, among developing countries such as Ethiopia. However, no enough epidemiological data is available in this respect in many parts of the country. Hence, this study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasitic infections and their associated risk factors among school children in Zeita village, Merhabete District, North Shewa Zone, Central Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional parasitological survey was conducted from January to March 2020. A total of 280 children from Zeita primary school were selected using stratified random sampling techniques. Stool samples were collected and examined using direct wet mount, Formal-Ether concentration and Modified Zeihel-Neelsen staining techniques. Results. The overall prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasitic infection was found to be 46.8% (131/280). The three predominant protozoan parasites detected in this study were Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum which were observed in 70 (25.2%), 54 (19.3%), and 7 (2.5%) of the study participants, respectively. Sociodemographic characteristics of the study subjects such as family occupation ( P = 0.028 ), sources of drinking water ( P = 0.001 ), water handling practice ( P = 0.027 ), habit of eating vegetable ( P = 0.001 ), and presence of latrine were observed to be significantly associated risk factors for the occurrence of human intestinal protozoan parasites. Conclusion. A high prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasitic infection which has been contributed by different risk factors was revealed in this study. The findings suggested a need of collaborative effort among the educational and health authorities to control the infection in the study area.

scholarly journals Human Intestinal Parasites: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors among Grade School Children in Maksegnit, Northwest Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kefale Shiferaw ◽  
Teklemichael Tesfay ◽  
Girmay Kalayu ◽  
Gebrehiwot Kiros
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
School Children ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Grade School ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

This study was aimed to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections in grade school children in Maksegnit, Northwest Ethiopia. Five species of intestinal parasites were identified with an overall prevalence of 155 (40.4%). Among these, Ascaris lumbricoides 122 (31.8%) and Entamoeba histolytica 18 (4.7%) were predominant. Of the total 155 (40.4%) positive individuals, 149 (39%) had a single infection and the rest 6 (1.6%) had double parasitic infections. Of the different variables assessed, age, gender, shoe wearing, and eating raw or undercooked vegetables were not significantly associated with the prevalence of intestinal parasites ( P > 0.05 ). However, a statistically significant association ( P < 0.05 ) was observed between infected children and variables including defecation habit (AOR = 0.216), cleanliness of fingernails (AOR = 0.146), drinking river water (AOR = 0.124), and hand washing habit after defecation (AOR = 0.236) ( P < 0.05 ). Regular deworming, education on personal hygiene, and environmental sanitation to both students and their parents shall be implemented to reduce the prevalence rate of intestinal parasitic infections in the study area.

scholarly journals Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Risk Factors Among School-going Children of Age 1-5 years in Dharan, Eastern Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Dhiren Subba Limbu ◽  
Samana Shrestha ◽  
Kamana Bantawa ◽  
Ramesh Majhi ◽  
Milan Kharel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

 Intestinal parasitic infections have been a major public health burden of developing countries, especially in children. Higher prevalence has been reported among school children, mostly in rural areas of Nepal where water, toilets, hygiene, and sanitation facilities are insufficient. This cross-sectional study was carried out from April to September 2019 to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school-going children1-5 years of Dharan, Nepal, and to assess the associated risk factors. Stool samples were collected in a clean, dry, screw-capped, and wide-mouthed plastic container, kept in an icebox, and transported to the laboratory. Data relating to different risk factors were collected from the parents of 116 participants using a structured questionnaire. The parasites were identified by using the direct wet mount method and formal-ether concentration method. Pearson’s chi-square test was carried out to establish associations between dependent and independent variables using SPSS version 20, and the test considered a greater than < 0.05% as statistically significant with a 95% confidence level. Out of the 116 stool samples, 9 (7.75%) tested positive for the parasitic infections in which 5 (55.5%) were protozoa and 4 (44.45%) were helminths. The prevalent parasites, were Entamoeba histolytica (23%), Hyamenolepis nana (22%), Giardia lamblia (11%), Hookworm (11%), Entamoeba coli (11%), Ascaris lumbricoides (11%), and Intestinal parasitic infections had a significant association with drinking water, bowel syndrome, bathing habit, toilet facility, and washing hands after toilets (p<0.05). Lack of toilets, poor hygiene, and unsafe drinking water were the main risk factors. Improved hygienic practices, safe drinking water, and the use of latrines could lower the rate of parasitic infections.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Risk Factors among School Children in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Njambi ◽  
Dennis Magu ◽  
Janet Masaku ◽  
Collins Okoyo ◽  
Sammy M. Njenga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Home And School ◽  
At Home

School children bear a significant burden of intestinal parasitic infections. Because they spend most of their time at home and school, it is necessary to identify the key water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) factors associated with these infections in both environments. This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in Mwea West, Kirinyaga County. 180 primary school children aged 8–14 years were randomly selected from three schools (Mianya, Mbui Njeru, and Mukou primary schools). Questionnaires and checklists were administered and single stool samples were collected. Stool samples were microscopically examined for Schistosoma mansoni, soil-transmitted helminths, and protozoan infections. Data on WASH were obtained at home and school. The factors significantly associated with S. mansoni and intestinal protozoa infections in the school children were determined using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models reporting the odds ratio at 95% confidence intervals. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni and intestinal protozoa infections was 70.5% (95% CI: 59.1–84.3) and 32.7% (95% CI: 26.8–40.1), respectively. Only one case of STH (A. lumbricoides) was identified. The prevalence of coinfections of S. mansoni and intestinal protozoa infections was 22.8% (95% CI: 19.2–27.1). An increased prevalence of S. mansoni infection was associated with children above 12 years (aOR = 3.19, p=0.015), those in Mianya primary (aOR = 1.23, p=0.001), those in Mukou primary (aOR = 3.19, p=0.001), and reported behavior of wearing shoes at home (aOR = 1.67, p=0.010). However, handwashing behavior after defecation at home (aOR = 0.39, p=0.001) was protective against S. mansoni infection. For any protozoan infection, male children had increased odds of infection (aOR = 2.41, p=0.001) while use of wiping material (aOR = 0.55, p=0.019) and water contact (aOR = 0.32, p=0.001) was protective against intestinal protozoa infections. Infections with S. mansoni and any protozoa and their coinfection were present. Findings revealed that several hygiene factors were protective against infections while other were risk factors. Therefore, deworming should be complemented with behavior education on hygienic habits.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Intestinal Protozoan Parasites in Iranian Children with Hypereosinophilia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Mahmoudvand ◽  
Maryam Sepahvand ◽  
Bahram Nasiri ◽  
Mehrdad Khatami ◽  
Ebrahim Badparva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Iranian Children

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