scholarly journals Review of electrical energy losses in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-254
Author(s):  
O.M. Komolafe ◽  
K.M. Udofia
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Commercial Viability ◽  
Electric Power Sector ◽  
Energy Theft

The Nigerian electric power sector holds a lot of unfulfilled potentials for the economic development of Africa’s most populous country; the electric energy generated is not up to 30% of the national demand and worse still, over 50% of this paltry sum is recorded as losses—this is not indicative of commercial viability. The visible efforts being made to address the problems, though laudable, do not fully demonstrate complete appreciation of the underlying root causes. In this paper, an examination of the structure of the Nigerian electricity industry is provided followed by a technical review of factors responsible for the excessive losses (technical and non-technical) in the system. The solutions proffered would enable improved response, first to efficiently manage the available energy and also to grow the industry for the good of the nation. Keywords: Nigerian power distribution system, electric energy theft, power losses in Nigeria.

scholarly journals A novel approach of a dynamic multi objective optimization of a power distribution system

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik Roger Ndjependa ◽  
Alexandre Teplaira Boum ◽  
Salomé Ndjakomo Essiane
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Dynamic Reconfiguration ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Multi Objective Optimization ◽  
Power Losses ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Voltage Deviation ◽  
System Average

AbstractA new dynamic multi objective optimization approach is covered in this paper. The technique for optimizing the power distribution system is dynamic reconfiguration. The goal is to propose an optimal dynamic reconfiguration which minimizes the active power losses and the voltage deviation of the nodes of the power distribution system according to the energy available at the source, while constantly guaranteeing the supply of the electrical energy to priority consumers. The reliability indices considered in this paper are the system average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) and the system average interruption duration index (SAIDI) and are used to check the reliability of the optimal configurations obtained. This study subdivides a day into periods. The variations in the available power of the source and the power requested by the load, cause a new optimal configuration of the network at each period. In this work, the load adapts to the source and the optimal network topology evolves according to the maximum available power of the source. A mathematical formulation of the dynamic optimization problem by period or piece is proposed. The dynamic approach consists in acquiring the power of the load and of the source by period or piece and to compare them. When the available energy is sufficient, an optimal configuration that minimizes the power losses and voltage deviation while ensuring the supply of electrical energy to all consumers in the network is proposed. On the other hand, when the available energy is insufficient, an optimal topology of the power system minimizing the power losses and voltage deviation while guaranteeing the supply of electrical energy to priority consumers of the network is proposed. The optimal solutions per period are obtained using the MIP and MINLP methods. The approach is implemented on standard IEEE 15, 33 and 69 node power distribution system. The results obtained are satisfactory and prove the effectiveness of this new vision for the conduct of the power distribution system.

scholarly journals A comparative study on common power flow techniques in the power distribution system of the Tehran metro

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ghiasi
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Flow Techniques

Overall, a power-flow study is a steady-state assessment whose goal is to specify the currents, voltages, and real and reactive flows in a power system under a given load conditions. This paper presents a comparison of common power flow techniques in the Tehran metro power distribution system at the presence of non-linear loads. Moreover, a modelling, simulation and analysis of this power distribution system is implemented with the Electrical Transient Analyser Program (ETAP) software. In this assessment, common power flow techniques including the Newton-Raphson (NR), Fast Decoupled (FD), and Accelerated Gauss-Seidel (AGS) techniques are provided and compared. The obtained results (total generation, loading, demand, system losses, and critical report of the power flow) are analysed. In this paper, we focus on the detailed assessment and monitoring by using the most modern ETAP software, which performs numerical calculations of a large integrated power system with fabulous speed and also generates output reports. The capability and effectiveness of the power flow analysis are demonstrated according to the simulation results obtained with ETAP by applying it to the power distribution system of the Tehran metro. In developing countries such as Iran, off-line modelling and simulation of power grids by a powerful software are beneficial and helpful for the best usage of the electrical energy.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Multi-Objective Cost and Privacy Driven Load Morphing in Smart Electricity Grid Partition

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alamaniotis ◽  
Gatsis
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Grid Partition

Utilization of digital connectivity tools is the driving force behind the transformation of the power distribution system into a smart grid. This paper places itself in the smart grid domain where consumers exploit digital connectivity to form partitions within the grid. Every partition, which is independent but connected to the grid, has a set of goals associated with the consumption of electric energy. In this work, we consider that each partition aims at morphing the initial anticipated partition consumption in order to concurrently minimize the cost of consumption and ensure the privacy of its consumers. These goals are formulated as two objectives functions, i.e., a single objective for each goal, and subsequently determining a multi-objective problem. The solution to the problem is sought via an evolutionary algorithm, and more specifically, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). NSGA-II is able to locate an optimal solution by utilizing the Pareto optimality theory. The proposed load morphing methodology is tested on a set of real-world smart meter data put together to comprise partitions of various numbers of consumers. Results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed morphing methodology as a mechanism to attain low cost and privacy for the overall grid partition.

scholarly journals An Efficient Boosted C5.0 Decision-Tree-Based Classification Approach for Detecting Non-Technical Losses in Power Utilities

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Salman Saeed ◽  
Mohd Wazir Mustafa ◽  
Usman Ullah Sheikh ◽  
Touqeer Ahmed Jumani ◽  
Ilyas Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
Energy Theft ◽  
C5.0 Decision Tree

Electricity fraud in billing are the primary concerns for Distribution System Operators (DSO). It is estimated that billions of dollars are wasted annually due to these illegal activities. DSOs around the world, especially in underdeveloped countries, still utilize conventional time consuming and inefficient methods for Non-Technical Loss (NTL) detection. This research work attempts to solve the mentioned problem by developing an efficient energy theft detection model in order to identify the fraudster customers in a power distribution system. The key motivation for the present study is to assist the DSOs in their fight against energy theft. The proposed computational model initially utilizes a set of distinct features extracted from the monthly consumers’ consumption data, obtained from Multan Electric Power Company (MEPCO) Pakistan, to segregate the honest and the fraudulent customers. The Pearson’s chi-square feature selection algorithm is adopted to select the most relevant features among the extracted ones. Finally, the Boosted C5.0 Decision Tree (DT) algorithm is used to classify the honest and the fraudster consumers based on the outcomes of the selected features. To validate the superiority of the proposed NTL detection approach, its performance is matched with that of few state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms (one of most exciting recent technologies in Artificial Intelligence), like Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Extreme Gradient Bossting (XGBoost). The proposed NTL detection method provides an accuracy of 94.6%, Sensitivity of 78.1%, Specificity of 98.2%, F1 score 84.9% and Precision of 93.2% which are significantly higher than that of the same for the above-mentioned algorithms.

scholarly journals Analysis of SCADA Application on Distribution System Reliability

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Noveri Lysbetti Marpaung ◽  
Edy Ervianto ◽  
Rahyul Amri ◽  
Hayatul Illahi
Keyword(s):  
System Reliability ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
Reliability Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Distribution System Reliability

Reliability of Electrical Power Distribution to consumer is strongly influenced by its distribution system. Therefore, electrical power distribution system with high reliability is needed. In distribution of electrical power, reliability level of distribution system is very necessary, because it is influential strongly factor towards continuity of electrical energy distribution to consumers. Parameters can be used to determine reliability level of Electrical Power Distribution System are SAIDI, SAIFI, and CAIDI. SCADA on Electrical Power Ditribution System is needed because it can monitor, control, configure and record working system real time. Besides it, SCADA also can handle interruption temporary or permanently in short time by using remote. Aim of this research is to compare distribution system reliability indexes such as SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIDI before and after integrated with SCADA in Bukittinggi Rayon of PT PLN (Persero), Western Sumatera, Indonesia. This research uses Distribution System Data from 2015 and 2016. Result of this  rresearch is Realibility Indexes before Integrated with SCADA(2015) are 15.40 hours/customer, 46.36 interruption/year, 0.33 hour/year, while after Integrated with SCADA(2016) are 2.14 hours/customer, 22.41 interruption/year, 0.10 hour/year. for SAIDI, SAIFI CAIDI Indexes respectivel y. It can be concluded that The increase of Reliability Index after integrated with SCADA are 86.1% for SAIDI, 51.66% for SAIFI, 69.7% for CAIDI.

scholarly journals Analysis of power factor corrections for obtaining improved power factors of switching mode power supply

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 826
Author(s):  
Dimov Stojce Ilcev
Keyword(s):  
Power Factor ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Power Factor Correction ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electric Power System ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
Switching Mode Power Supply ◽  
Switching Mode

This article discusses such an important issue as the power factor of Switching Mode Power Supply (SMPS) and its improvement through Power Factor Correction (PFC). The power factor shows how effectively uses the consumption of electric energy by certain loads connected to the power distribution system with Alternative Current (AC), which is very critical for the electricity-producing industry. The number of power factors is a dimensionless value that can vary from -1 to 1. Thus, in an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of transferring useful power, which may cause overloading of the power grid and lead to over-expenditure of electricity. Otherwise, designing power factor correction (PFC) into modern switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) has evolved over the past few years due to the introduction of many new controller integrated circuits (IC). Today, it is possible to design a variety of PFC circuits with different modes of operation, each with its own set of challenges. As the number of choices has increased, so has the complexity of making the choice and then executing the new design. In this article, the design considerations and details of operation for the most popular approaches are provided.  

scholarly journals Vulnerability Assessment of Components in a Typical Rural Nigerian Power Distribution System

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-46
Author(s):  
A. E. Omoroghomwan ◽  
S. O. Igbinovia ◽  
F. O. Odiase
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
Surge Arresters ◽  
Design Construction

The major aim of any power system is the continuous provision of safe, quality and reliable electric power to the customers. One of the greatest challenges to meeting up with this goal is the failure of components in the system. In this article, the frequency of outages caused by failure of different components in the distribution system was investigated to ascertain the ones that are more susceptible to failure by comparing their proportions in the entire failure events. The outage data obtained from Irrua Transmission Station comprising Ehor, Ubiaja and Uzebba 33kV feeders were analyzed using Microsoft Excel while the hazard rates were measured using the failure rate index. Findings revealed that 93.77% of all the forced outages in the distribution subsystem in the power sector are caused by the high exposure rate of the bare aluminum conductors used in the construction of the various overhead feeders. Subsequently, the yearly failure rates of aluminum conductors, cross arms, relay, insulators, fuses, electric poles, breakers, transformers, isolators, cables lightning surge arresters were found to be 836.0, 17.5, 17.0, 10.3, 4.3, 2.0, 1.5, 1.3, 1.0, 0.5 and 0.3 respectively in the studied network. A comparison between this study and a related work showed that the rural feeders are more prone to faults as compared to the ones in the urban areas. It was therefore recommended that regular tree trimming along the network corridor should be done. Proper conductor size should be used in every subsequent construction and every segment with undersized conductor should be replaced with the appropriate size. This study will help the power system engineers in the design, construction, maintenance and operation of the distribution power system for optimum and improved system performance.

scholarly journals MICROGRID IN POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 387-393
Author(s):  
E. A. Olajuyin ◽  
Olubakinde Eniola
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Stored Energy ◽  
Synchronous Generators ◽  
Power Distribution System

Power is a very important instrument to the development of economy of a nation and it must be stable and available and to meet the demand of the consumers at all times. The quest for power supply has introduced a new technology called microgrid. Micro grids are regarded as small power systems that confine electric energy generating facilities, from both renewable energy sources and conventional synchronous. Generators, and customer loads with respect to produced electric energy. It can be connected to grid or operate in islanding mode. On the other hand, the grid’s dynamics and its stability rely on the amount of stored energy in the micro grid. In a conventional power system with a large number of synchronous generators as the main sources of energy, the mechanical energy in the generators’ rotors, in the form of kinetic energy, serves as the stored energy and feeds the grids in the event of any drastic load changes or if disturbances occur. Microgrid is an alternative idea to support the grid, it can be applied in a street, estates, community or a locality (towns and villages), organizations and establishments. Load forecasting can be further extended to Organizations, Local Government, State and country to determine the energy consumption.

scholarly journals Improving reliability of the power distribution system in Goma (DRC) using solar distributed generation

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-101
Author(s):  
G. Sengi ◽  
E. Ntagwirumugara
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
Reliability Indices ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
The City

The existing power distribution system of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has many problems, including the scarcity of electric energy, power unreliability, the low access rate of electrification, poor flexibility in the network topology, and lack of demand response, which lead to shedding of load, unbalancing and overloading the system. The reliability of the Goma power distribution system is very poor by international standards. The major cause of this is the lack of adequate energy supply to meet demand. To mitigate the power reliability problem, a solar-based distributed generation (DG) is modelled and evaluated in this study. Each feeder has been considered separately with an appropriately designed DG. The work has evaluated initial investment cost and life cycle cost of the investment to assess the feasibility of the proposed solution. Based on the unserved energy and electricity tariff, an economic analysis was conducted. The reliability indices are computed and the modelled solution is designed for each feeder in PV syst software and simulated using ETAP, whose simulation results show that the reliability can be improved by up to 76%.  

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