scholarly journals High rate of drinking water contamination due to poor storage in squatter settlements in Mwanza, Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha F. Mushi ◽  
Oswald E. Mpelasoka ◽  
Humphrey D. Mazigo ◽  
Laura McLeod ◽  
Nyambura Moremi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Squatter Settlements ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Background: Drinking water of acceptable quality is supposed to be free from faecal coliform and chemical substances that may be hazardous to human health. Water treatment and safe storage at the household level has been advocated as effective means of ensuring safe drinking water. This study was undertaken to determine the microbiological quality of the drinking water at household level in the squatter settlements in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2014 and September 2014.  A total of 15 randomly selected water sources (tap) and 207 households’ drinking water samples from these sources were studied to ascertain level of water contamination using Membrane Filtration Method. Pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect demographic and other data regarding water treatment and storage.  Data were entered, cleaned and analysed using STATA Version 11.Results:  All 15 samples from tap used as water sources were found to be free of indicator organism (Escherichia coli) while 109 (52.66%) of drinking water samples from 207 households were found to be contaminated with E. coli.  All contaminated drinking water samples were from containers with no cover and spigot. Conclusions: There is a significant level of deterioration of water quality from the source to the drinking cup. Efforts to ensure quality storage methods for drinking water should be addressed at household level.

scholarly journals Presence of Helicobacter pylori in drinking water of Karachi, Pakistan

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (03) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Khan ◽  
Amber Farooqui ◽  
Shahana Urooj Kazmi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Background: Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is an increasing problem in developing countries. Several environmental factors such as overcrowding, poverty, contaminated drinking water and food are considered to contribute toward transmission of infection; however, little is known about their definitive roles. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of H. pylori in drinking water samples of Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: Samples of drinking water were collected from 18 different towns located in the metropolitan area of Karachi. Samples were concentrated by membrane filtration method and subjected to PCR for the detection of H. pylori. Results: Two out of 50 (4%) samples collected from two different densely populated town areas were found to be positive for H. pylori. Conclusion: The study provides evidence for the presence of H. pylori in municipal drinking water of Karachi.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Examination of Water supply and Drinking Water at Household level in Makalbari Area by the Most Probable Number Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
Bharati Shakya ◽  
Supri Raj Shrestha ◽  
Vinutha Silvanus
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Water safety and quality are fundamental to human development and well-being. Yet, at least 2 billion people are using a drinking water source contaminated with feces worldwide. This study was conducted to assess the types of water supply, storage and methods of purification of drinking water and to examine the bacteriological quality of supplied and drinking water at household level by most probable number (MPN) test in Makalbari area in Gokarneshwor Municipality, Kathmandu. A total of 80 households were selected using simple random sampling technique and two samples (one from main water supply and another from drinking water, n=160 water samples) were collected from each household. Ethical clearance was taken from the Nepal Medical College Institutional Review Committee. SPSS version 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. Majority of water supply samples 65 (81.2%) were from tap, 11 (13.8%) were from well and 4 (5.0%) samples were from bore well. Bacteriologically, of the total water supply samples, 34 (42.5%) samples were excellent, 16 (20.0%) samples were suspicious and 30 (37.5%) samples were unsatisfactory by MPN index quality. Most of the households stored drinking water in the tanks 34 (42.5%). Most of the water samples 29 (36.3%) were directly consumed from the water supply without purification. Among the directly consumed drinking water samples, 13 (44.8%) samples showed unsatisfactory MPN index. Most commonly used methods of water purification was filtration 21 (26.2%). Of the total drinking water samples, 33 (41.25%) samples were positive for total coliform. Thirty-two (40.0%) of the households reported diarrhea in past one year. A highly significant association was found between MPN index of drinking water and occurrence of diarrhea in the households. The quality of the most of the water samples from water supply and drinking water were unsatisfactory. Inspite of this, drinking water was not purified in some of the households. Moreover, few of the drinking water samples were not potable even after purification. Therefore, community should be made aware to improve quality of drinking water in households.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Traditional Water Treatment Plant and Compact Units in Removing Viruses

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-536
Author(s):  
Yehia A. Osman ◽  
Waled M. El-Senousy ◽  
Adel A. El-Morsi ◽  
Mohammed K. Rashed
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Pollution Indicator ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

The fecal bacteria have been taken as the gold standard for water industry. However, the spread of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water have given a momentum to a recent push by microbiologists to consider viruses as important pollution indicator as fecal bacteria. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate the efficiency of two types of water purification systems: the traditional water treatment plant and two types compact units. Both systems produced drinking waters free of bacteria, chemical contaminants and mostly viruses free.  However, recent advances in molecular biology techniques, such as RT-PCR have detected Rotaviruses in chlorinated drinking waters resulted from all systems. The frequency of Rotaviruses since October 2010 till September 2012 in Shark El-Mansoura WTP in drinking water samples was 12.5% similar to raw water. While the compact unit at Depo Awam (American design) the frequency of Rotavirus was 16.6% in both raw and drinking water samples.  On the other hand the virus frequency in the raw and drinking water sample in El-Danabik unit (Egyptian design) were 12.5% and 4.16% respectively. Signifying failure of the chlorination process in removing viruses completely.  However, detection of Rotavirus genome in the drinking water samples does not means the presence of its infectivity. The infectious ability of the rotaviruses was confirmed by CC-RT-PCR in all positive samples, where viral RNA was not detected in the collected drinking water samples.  In conclusion RT-PCR and CC-RT-PCR techniques high lightened the need to include viruses as mandatory pollution indicator in water treatment plants. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 528-536

scholarly journals The influence of electrogalvanic device on scaling

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjana Simonič ◽  
Irena Ban
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Aragonite Crystal ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

AbstractThe use of an electrogalvanic device for scale neutralisation is descibed in this paper. Physico-chemical analyses were performed before and after the treatment. The results were compared with those obtained by using magnetic water treatment device. By measuring some individual parameters and the implementation of chemical analysis, the satisfactory functioning of the electrogalvanic device was demonstrated. The quality of drinking water did not change much after the water treatment method. The results of determination of calcium carbonate saturating index showed that the raw drinking water is in carbonate equlibrium as well as both treated water samples. The calcite/aragonite ratio was studied by means of microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. Inspection of crystals formed during the experiments with microscopy indicated that aragonite crystal structure of the precipitates prevailed over the calcite stucture. The diffractograms showed that the share of aragonite increased after using the electrogalvanic device compared with raw drinking water samples where the share of calcite was higher.

scholarly journals Microbiological effectiveness of locally produced ceramic filters for drinking water treatment in Cambodia

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Brown ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Ceramic Filters ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations

Low-cost options for the treatment of drinking water at the household level are being explored by the Cambodian government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in Cambodia, where many lack access to improved drinking water sources and diarrhoeal diseases are the most prevalent cause of death in children under 5 years of age. The ceramic water purifier (CWP), a locally produced, low-cost ceramic filter, is now being implemented by several NGOs, and an estimated 100,000 + households in the country now use them for drinking water treatment. Two candidate filters were tested for the reduction of bacterial and viral surrogates for waterborne pathogens using representative Cambodian drinking water sources (rainwater and surface water) spiked with Escherichia coli and bacteriophage MS2. Results indicate that filters were capable of reducing key microbes in the laboratory with mean reductions of E. coli of approximately 99% and mean reduction of bacteriophages of 90–99% over >600 litres throughput. Increased effectiveness was not observed in filters with an AgNO3 amendment. At under US$10 per filter, locally produced ceramic filters may be a promising option for drinking water treatment and safe storage at the household level.

Distribution and removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies in Germany

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Karanis ◽  
Dirk Schoenen ◽  
H. M. Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Surface Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

This study has been conducted, to estimate the distribution of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in German water supplies and the removal efficiency of surface water treatment plants for Giardia and Cryptosporidium by conventional treatment. Water samples from six surface water treatment plants in different parts of Germany were simoultaneously examined for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Investigations for both parasites were carried out in the period from July 1993 until December 1995. The results confirmed the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface and raw water, in intermediate steps after treatment, in back wash water, in the first filtrate and in final water. Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 76.2% of the investigated raw water sources. The average number of the detected Giardia cysts was 88.2/100 1 (max. 1314/100 1), and the average number of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 116/100 1 (max. 1081/100 1). In the intermediate steps (including flocculation and several steps of filtration), Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 33.3% (50/150) of the samples. 14.9% of drinking water samples (7/47) were positive for Giardia (max. 16.8/100 1) and 29.8% (14/47) were positive for Cryptosporidium (max. 20.8/100 1). Overall, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, or both were detected in 38.3% of the drinking water samples. The parasites have been found in nearly all of the investigated backwash water samples. The filtrate of a rapid sand filter was analysed immediately after filter backwashing during the ripening period of the filter. Good elimination results were obtained by optimizing relevant water treatment process, but a low flocculant dose following sudden variation in the raw water quality, causes a breakthrough of Cryptosporidium into the treated water. Although water treatment technologies are effective to remove Giardia and Cryptosporidium, the results clearly show that Giardia and Cryptosporidium evade the filter barries in the absence of visible treatment deficiencies and low turbitidy level, and contaminate final water.

scholarly journals Investigations on Bacteriological Quality of Tap Water Sources within the University of Port Harcourt

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
H. O. Stanley ◽  
C. J. Ugboma ◽  
P. C. Uzoaru
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
The University

In this study, the sanitary quality of tap water sources within the University of Port Harcourt was investigated in order to determine its suitability for drinking and other domestic applications. Eight composite samples of tap water were collected from Eight different locations within the three campuses of the University of Port Harcourt using 300 ml-capacity sterile containers. These locations included NDDC Hostel, Sports Hostel, Medical Hostel, NUH Hostel, Dan Etete Hostel, Delta A Hostel, Delta B Hostel and Choba Campus. After collection, water samples were taken to the laboratory for enumeration and identification of Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), Total coliform (TC) and Faecal coliform (FC) using the membrane filtration method. Result showed that the average THB, TC and FC counts recorded in the tap water samples across the eight locations ranged from 12.4 CFU to 36.7 CFU, 4.3 CFU to 10.1 CFU and 2.8 CFU to 5.2 CFU per 100ml respectively. Bacterial isolates were identified as probably belonging to genera such as Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Escherichia spp., respectively. Samples from Delta B hostel and Choba campus recorded the lowest and highest THB, TC and FC counts respectively. According to WHO standard, the result of THB, TC and FC counts indicated that the tap water in all eight locations were above the limit acceptable for drinking but within acceptable limit for other domestic use such as bathing and washing.

scholarly journals Comparison of Membrane Filtration and Multiple-Tube Fermentation by the Colilert and Enterolert Methods for Detection of Waterborne Coliform Bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Enterococci Used in Drinking and Bathing Water Quality Monitoring in Southern Sweden

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 3079-3083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl F. Eckner
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

ABSTRACT A total of 338 water samples, 261 drinking water samples and 77 bathing water samples, obtained for routine testing were analyzed in duplicate by Swedish standard methods using multiple-tube fermentation or membrane filtration and by the Colilert and/or Enterolert methods. Water samples came from a wide variety of sources in southern Sweden (Skåne). The Colilert method was found to be more sensitive than Swedish standard methods for detecting coliform bacteria and of equal sensitivity for detecting Escherichia coli when all drinking water samples were grouped together. Based on these results, Swedac, the Swedish laboratory accreditation body, approved for the first time in Sweden use of the Colilert method at this laboratory for the analysis of all water sources not falling under public water regulations (A-krav). The coliform detection study of bathing water yielded anomalous results due to confirmation difficulties. E. coli detection in bathing water was similar by both the Colilert and Swedish standard methods as was fecal streptococcus and enterococcus detection by both the Enterolert and Swedish standard methods.

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