Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Lead Concentrations in River Water and Edible Vegetables Grown along Morogoro River Bank

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
G. Joseph ◽  
B. Temba
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
River Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
River Bank ◽  
Vegetable Samples ◽  
Seasonal Characteristics

Urban vegetable farming is popular in Tanzania and other countries partly due to readily available market and reliable transport to reach consumers. River banks are usually used to grow such vegetables due to closer proximity to water and whenever necessary use such water for irrigation. However in urban settings river water pollution by toxic heavy metals and subsequent accumulation of the metals in nearby grown vegetables has been reported as among major sources of exposure to humans and animals. Heavy metals, including lead (Pb) have many health effects to human and animals ranging from acute to chronic illnesses. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of lead in Morogoro river and in edible vegetables (Amaranthus retroflexus) grown along the river bank. Water and vegetable samples collected during dry and rainy seasons were prepared and analysed for occurrence and levels of lead using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). It was found that concentration of Lead in the water and vegetable samples were up to 0.95 mg/L, and 0.026 mg/Kg respectively. It was also found that 77% of the water samples and 28% of the vegetable samples had lead levels above the WHO recommendations. The frequency and levels of lead occurrence varied with topographical, diurnal and seasonal characteristics of sample collection. The results of this study raise concerns on the use of water for human and animal consumption from rivers which run across urban areas and call for further studies to investigate for any health consequences to consumers

Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Lead Concentrations in River Water and Edible Vegetables Grown along Morogoro River Bank

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
G. Joseph ◽  
B. Temba
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
River Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
River Bank ◽  
Vegetable Samples ◽  
Seasonal Characteristics

Urban vegetable farming is popular in Tanzania and other countries partly due to readily available market and reliable transport to reach consumers. River banks are usually used to grow such vegetables due to closer proximity to water and whenever necessary use such water for irrigation. However in urban settings river water pollution by toxic heavy metals and subsequent accumulation of the metals in nearby grown vegetables has been reported as among major sources of exposure to humans and animals. Heavy metals, including lead (Pb) have many health effects to human and animals ranging from acute to chronic illnesses. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of lead in Morogoro river and in edible vegetables (Amaranthus retroflexus) grown along the river bank. Water and vegetable samples collected during dry and rainy seasons were prepared and analysed for occurrence and levels of lead using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). It was found that concentration of Lead in the water and vegetable samples were up to 0.95 mg/L, and 0.026 mg/Kg respectively. It was also found that 77% of the water samples and 28% of the vegetable samples had lead levels above the WHO recommendations. The frequency and levels of lead occurrence varied with topographical, diurnal and seasonal characteristics of sample collection. The results of this study raise concerns on the use of water for human and animal consumption from rivers which run across urban areas and call for further studies to investigate for any health consequences to consumers

scholarly journals Safety assessment of street vended juices in Multan-Pakistan: A study on prevalence levels of trace elements

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Saeed Akhtar ◽  
Tariq Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Riaz
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Safety Study ◽  
Agronomic Practices

Street vended juices are most commonly available, accessible and economical nutritional food sources of poor slums in developing economies like Pakistan. Study was undertaken to elucidate impact of industrialization, agro chemicals induction in agronomic practices and food processing hygiene measurements on food chain heavy metals intoxication. If overlooked, certain quality risks associated either with fresh produce or processed commodity might initiate food intoxication.In order to understand gravity of the issue, street vended freshly drawn juices extracted from the food crops (orange, sugarcane, carrot and mango) cultivated in <em>Southern Punjab </em>peri-urban areas and country sides were evaluated for microelements and heavy metals load in summer and winter 2012. The safety study of juices depicted higher concentration of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) breaching international safety limits implemented in the country. However some microelements (Fe, Zn, Mn) were found below the prescribed maximum tolerant limits. The study concluded prevalence of higher concentration of some toxic heavy metals as a serious breach of threshold levels potentially compromising consumer’s safety.

scholarly journals Assessment of short-term changes in street dust pollution with heavy metals in Lublin (E Poland)—levels, sources and risks

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (34) ◽  
pp. 35049-35060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Zgłobicki ◽  
Małgorzata Telecka ◽  
Sebastian Skupiński
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Street Dust ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Dust Pollution ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Geochemical Indices ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
Heavy Metal Emissions

Abstract Street dust forms as a result of the interaction of the atmosphere, lithosphere (pedosphere) and anthroposphere and can be regarded as an index of the condition of the environment in urban areas. At the end of the twentieth century, there was a significant decrease in heavy metal emissions in Europe, but not so intensive in Poland. The question arises: Is the intensity of pollution still decreasing? The study objective was to assess changes in street dust pollution with heavy metals in Lublin (E Poland) in the years 2013 and 2018. The sample collection sites (68) were located within streets with a varying intensity of motor traffic. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations were determined in two dust fractions, 63–200 μm and < 63 μm, by means of an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The levels of street dust pollution with heavy metals, expressed both in absolute concentrations and geochemical indices, were lower in 2018 than those in 2013. The clearest decrease of concentration levels occurred within the main roads, in the 63–200 μm fraction for Cu and Cd, and in both fractions for Pb. The mean concentrations of the investigated metals, normalised to the background values, are in the following order for both fractions in 2013 and 2018: Zn > Cd > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni. Metals form the following order for Igeo and EF: Zn > Cd > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni. This order is slightly different for the ecological risk factor: Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cr > Ni. In general, street dust in Lublin does not show contamination with Cr, Ni and Pb. Igeo and EF indices show moderate levels of pollution with Cu, Cd and Zn.

scholarly journals The influence of preparation methodology on the concentrations of heavy metals in Pleurozium schreberi moss samples prior to use in active biomonitoring studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Świsłowski ◽  
Grzegorz Kosior ◽  
Małgorzata Rajfur
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Indicator Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Pleurozium Schreberi ◽  
Active Biomonitoring ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Simultaneous Conditioning

Abstract Active biomonitoring is used to assess environmental pollution of elements such as heavy metals by indicator species such as mosses. They are used, among others, in urbanized areas where no indicator species are found. In such study areas, mosses collected from sites considered to be ecologically clean shall be exposed. In this context, it is very important to prepare the mosses properly before the exposure, so that the information received about the condition of the environment is reliable. In 2018, studies were conducted in the forested areas of southern Poland—in Opolskie Province. Pleurozium schreberi mosses were used in these studies. Atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomiser (F-AAS) was used to determine the concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb present. The aim was to study the influence of preparation methodology on Pleurozium schreberi moss samples prior to use in active biomonitoring studies. Four different methodologies were tested across four different sample locations (with varying levels of pollution). The results of the research were analysed and the coefficient of variation (CV) was determined. The value of the CV is influenced, among other things, by the location of the particular sample and the level of pollution by, for example heavy metals, in the moss. The research conducted proves that of the four methods used to prepare mosses for later exposure in active biomonitoring, the best method is averaging with simultaneous conditioning of mosses in demineralised water. This treatment causes the CV coefficient to fall below 10% for most of the metals determined in the moss samples. It has also been shown that maintaining moss collection methodology in accordance with ICP Vegetation standards (open/wooded area—tree canopy) also has a significant impact on the result obtained. Statistical analysis confirmed (Wilcoxon test) that the method of processing the mosses significantly influenced the results obtained. Thanks to the appropriate preparation of the mosses before exposition, they can be used in active biomonitoring of, for example, urban areas.

Spatio-temporal variation level of heavy metals in surface water and sediment in Tagwai Lake, Minna, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131
Author(s):  
V.I. Chukwuemeka ◽  
E.A. Jimoh ◽  
K.O. Olajide ◽  
Y.I. Auta ◽  
H.S. Auta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Standard Range

The high contamination of aquatic systems with toxic heavy metals is of major concern since the elements are not biodegradable. Heavy metals often get into the water through runoff from farmlands and dumping of effluents from industries into the water bodies. The toxicity of these heavy metals can cause harmful and even lethal effects on the human health. The objective of this study was to investigate the level of Pb, Cu, Mn, and Fe in both surface water and sediment of Tagwai Lake. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry investigation was carried out on the collected and digested water and sediment samples to determine the extent of these heavy metals contamination in the water. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metals ranked in the following order: Pb>Mn>Cu>Fe with higher concentration in sediment compared to the water. The correspondence of the mean concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediment of the Tagwai Lake with the WHO standard suggests that the mean concentration of Pb, Cu, and Fe lies within the standard range while Mn exceeds the standard range in both the water and sediments. We therefore advocate regular surveillance as a tool for monitoring impacts of anthropogenic activities in the lake to ensure safety of the general populace who depend on it for their livelihood. Keywords: spatio-temporal, heavy metals, sediments, Tagwai Lake

scholarly journals Level of selected heavy metals in some commercially available cosmetic products in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-232
Author(s):  
Monica Mbaraka Ndoile
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption

The study was conducted in order to assess heavy metal content in some commercially available cosmetics products that are manufactured in United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), India and the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Face creams, beauty soaps, lipsticks and body lotions from the mentioned countries were purchased from local markets in Dar es Salaam and analytical procedures were employed to determine the contents of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). The results showed that lipstick samples contained the highest Pb at 23.36 µg/g, Cd at 23.30 µg/g and Cu at 22.91 µg/g. The highest concentrations in the beauty soap samples showed 21.99 µg/g Pb, 0.98 µg/g Cd and 18.8 µg/g Cu. Face cream samples contained the least contents of Pb at 6.52 µg/g, Cd at 0.16 µg/g, and Cu at 3.75 µg/g. In body lotions, no Pb and Cd were detected; in contrast, the contents of Cu was high (up to 1.4 µg/g). The products evaluated contained toxic heavy metals, though, not at an alarming concentration. Further research and analysis on the health risks of these products is proposed and extreme attention must be given to heavy metals during manufacture.

scholarly journals Spatial variational characteristics analysis of heavy metals pollution in the water of the Caroni River system: case study from a tropical river

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2288-2297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kailas Sekhar Banerjee ◽  
Lera Jittan ◽  
Shabian Ramkalawan
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
River System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
River Bank ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
River Bed ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
Baseline Information

Abstract This paper presents the spatial variations in distribution of certain heavy metals in the Caroni River Basin, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, which is the most industrialized nation of the Caribbean. Until now, no detailed assessment has been carried out in this area to measure the accumulation indices and associated risks. This study can illustrate the movement and transportation of analysed heavy metals, and can be used for baseline information. Results from the study revealed that the concentration in the river water samples (in μg/L) varies: Cr (5.07 to 6.85), Co (3.47 to 6.07), Ni (5.23 to 9.38), Cu (4.56 to 10.11), Zn (2.13 to 60.91), As (3.97 to 5.7) and Pb (4.04 to 9.92). This study also revealed that these higher concentrations can be attributed to effluents from small-scale industries, unnoticed irrigation processes, and domestic wastes. The San Juan, St Joseph and Arouca rivers were found to be the most polluted, and Cu, Pb, Zn and As were the most abundant metals in the study area. Heavy metals analysed from most of the river-bed and river-bank positions showed very good correlation with respective river water samples (0.98 for river bed and 0.83 for river bank).

scholarly journals Chromium, Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic Concentrations in Water, Vegetables, and Seafood Consumed in a Coastal Area in Northern Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117863022092141
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Minh Ngoc ◽  
Nguyen Van Chuyen ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thu Thao ◽  
Nguyen Quang Duc ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thu Trang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Metal Contamination ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sample Collection

Background: Heavy metal contamination and related risks for the environment and human health are matters of increasing concern. Methods: The levels of 4 heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, and As) were evaluated in 2 water types (surface and well), 4 types of seafood (tiger shrimp, stuffed snail, snake-head fish, and catfish), and 27 types of vegetables (12 leafy vegetables, 4 pea plants, 4 tuber vegetables, and 7 herbs) that are commonly consumed in northern coastal communes located in Vietnam. Atomic absorption spectrometry was employed for quantification. Results: The mean concentrations of heavy metals detected in water, seafood, and vegetable samples exceeded the national permitted standards and World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation values by at least 2-fold, 2.5-fold, and 5-fold for surface water, vegetables, and well water, respectively. The concentrations of all 4 heavy metals detected in seafood samples were higher than the standards. The levels of heavy metals decreased with increasing distance between the sample collection point and the pollution source. Conclusions: This is the first report of heavy metal contamination of common sources of food and water in the northern coastal area of Vietnam. Significantly, the concentrations of heavy metals detected in study samples exceeded the regulatory limits. These results underscore the importance of continued monitoring and the development of intervention measures to ensure that the quality of food and water meets established standards and protects the health of the local population.

scholarly journals Estimation the Presence of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Indian Herbal Cosmetics by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Krishnasis Chakraborty ◽  
Suraj Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Herbal Cosmetics ◽  
Cu And Zn ◽  
Metals And Trace Elements

Heavy metals are identically Pb, Cd and micronutrients elements like Ca, Mg, Al, Cu and Zn were quantitatively estimated using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). Similarly, heavy metals such as As and Hg were quantitatively estimated by Hydride Generation Technique i.e. Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry method expending nitrogen as carrier gas in 30 herbal cosmetic preparations available in Indian markets. The results designate that among the toxic heavy metals. In the present study, Arsenic was found significantly well below the permissible limit, but Cd was found above the permissible limit in the all samples. Trace elements like Ca and Mg were found in higher amount than compare to Al, Cu, and Zn. Presence of trace elements can corroborate to be beneficial but existence of toxic heavy metals in such amounts certainly has adverse effects on the consumer health who always take the herbal products in an impression of being safe because of the natural origin. In conclusion, execution of strict and isolated regulatory guidelines and promotion of Good Analytical Practice (GAP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Agricultural and Control Practices (GACP) is suggested for herbal cosmetics by WHO and other regulatory agencies. This study presents the status of heavy metals and trace elements in marketed herbal cosmetic formulations and provides a simple and convenient AAS method which can effectively be adopted at Industrial level for the quality control and standardization of herbal cosmetic preparations and other related products.  

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of heavy metals present in cigarette and cigarette leachate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Michal ◽  
Anu Maria ◽  
Krishnakumar Velayudhannair ◽  
Xavier Vincent ◽  
Divya K. Radhakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystem ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Cigarette Butts ◽  
Leaching Behaviour ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Living Organisms

Abstract Smoked cigarette and butts are the most common forms of litter globally. The local water bodies and their compartments have been severely polluted by the accumulation of these litters and the cumulative effect of many cigarette butts littered in a centralised area may present a significant threat to the living organisms. It is essential to study the leaching behaviour of cigarettes to understand how the heavy metals are leached out into the aquatic ecosystem. In this context, we determined the concentration of different metals (such as Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn, Zn & Hg) leached from the different brands of unsmoked and smoked cigarette and cigarette butts by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The results revealed that the amounts of heavy metal are higher in butt samples (USB and SB) of both cigarette and leachate irrespective of brands, compared to the tobacco part of the cigarette and the concentrations of certain toxic heavy metals in cigarettes were significantly different between cigarette brands tested. These results suggest that cigarette litter was found to be one of the major sources of metal contamination in the aquatic ecosystem and apparent leaching may increase the risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms.

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