Occurrence of Aflatoxin and Aflatoxigenic Molds in Foods and Feed in Spain

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. SANCHIS ◽  
N. SALA ◽  
A. PALOMES ◽  
P. SANTAMARINA ◽  
P. A. BURDASPAL
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Maize Flour ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Bread Making ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Aflatoxin B2 ◽  
Mixed Feeds

A survey was carried out to obtain data on the occurrence of aflatoxin and aflatoxigenic mold contamination of foods in Spain. A variety of commodities amounting to 338 samples were analyzed, comprising cereal grains, mixed feeds, edible nuts, wheat flour for bread-making, biscuits, sliced bread, soya beans and breakfast cereals. The results reveal a rather low incidence of aflatoxin contamination in samples tested. Aflatoxins were detected in 4 of 27 samples of mixed feeds at levels below 5 μg/kg; one sample of peanuts was contaminated with 120 μg aflatoxin B1/kg and 22 μg aflatoxin B2/kg. Aflatoxins B1 and B2 were also detected in a lot of whole maize flour, averaging 8 μg/kg and 3 μg/kg, respectively. Of a total of 288 samples tested, 100% showed variable incidences of fungal contamination. Maize samples were the ones most frequently contaminated with Aspergillus flavus (54.5%). Strains of A. flavus isolated from maize samples also showed the highest proportion of aflatoxigenic molds (17.2%) compared with those isolated from other sources.

scholarly journals Mycotoxicolgical evaluation of indigenous varieties of wheat from Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-82
Author(s):  
Shahina Hameed ◽  
Nadeem Rashid ◽  
Farhat Abbas ◽  
Mustafa Rahim Abro ◽  
Irfan Shahzad Sheikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Fungal Isolate ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Surface Spread ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Abstract  The present study was designed to investigate the mycological contamination and aflatoxigenic potential of fungi isolated from the indigenous certified varieties of wheat. Surface spread method was used to determine mycological contamination whereas to determine the toxigenic potential of isolated fungi and screening of wheat grains for aflatoxin contamination thin layer chromatography was used. All the collected samples revealed fungal contamination however none of the fungal isolate showed aflatoxigenic potential. Similarly all the samples showed negativity for aflatoxin. It can be concluded that for human public health, cereal grains must be subjected to quality control and mycotoxicologicalexaminations.  

scholarly journals Aflatoxin Contamination in Agricultural Commodities

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (04) ◽  
pp. 148-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Rajarajan ◽  
K. M. Rajasekaran ◽  
N. K. Asha Devi
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Hydroxylated Metabolite ◽  
Carcinogenic Compound

Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring Mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aspergillus flavus is common and widespread in nature and is most often found when certain grains are grown under stressful conditions such as draught. The mold occurs in soil, decaying vegetation, hay and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration and invades all types of organic substrates whenever and wherever the conditions are favourable for its growth. Favourable conditions include high moisture content and high temperature.The aflatoxin group is comprised of aflatoxin B1,B2,G1 and G2. In addition , aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1, is excreted in the milk of dairy cows consuming an AFB1-contaminated ration. Aflatoxin B1 a prototype of the aflatoxins, is widely recognized as the most potent hepato carcinogenic compound and along with other certain members of the group, possess additional toxic properties including mutagenicity, tetrogenicity, acute cellular toxicity and it suppresses the immune system. Aflatoxin contamination of food and feed has gained global significance as a result of its deleterious effects on human as well as animal health. The marketability of food products is adversely affected by aflatoxin contamination.

Incidence of Aflatoxins in Animal Feedstuffs: A Decade’s Scenario in India

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
A S Dhavan ◽  
M R Choudary
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
Animal Feedstuffs ◽  
Mixed Feeds

Abstract During the period 1983–1993,4818 samples of agricultural commodities, comprising cereals, oilseed cakes, compound feeds, and other ingredients, were examined for aflatoxin contamination. High quantities of aflatoxins were found in groundnut cake, deoiled groundnut cake, maize, and mixed feeds. Highest incidence of aflatoxin contamination was observed in groundnut cake (96.35%) and deoiled groundnut cake (96.20%), and the highest level of aflatoxin B1, 8260 ppb, was observed in maize.

Resistance to Aflatoxin Contamination in Corn as Influenced by Relative Humidity and Kernel Germination

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Z. GUO ◽  
J. S. RUSSIN ◽  
R. L. BROWN ◽  
T. E. CLEVELAND ◽  
N. W. WIDSTROM
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aflatoxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Aflatoxin Accumulation ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Very High ◽  
Fungus Growth

Kernels of corn population GT-MAS:gk, resistant to aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus, and susceptible Pioneer hybrid 3154 were tested for aflatoxin when incubated under different relative humidities (RH). High aflatoxin levels were not detected in either genotype at RH < 91%. Resistance in GT-MAS:gk was consistent across all RH levels (91 to 100%) at which significant aflatoxin accumulation was detected. Aflatoxin levels in GT-MAS:gk averaged about 98% less than those in susceptible Pioneer 3154, which suggests that storage of this or other genotypes with similar resistance mechanisms may be possible under moisture conditions less exacting than are required with susceptible hybrids. Results for fungus growth and sporulation ratings on kernel surfaces were similar to those for aflatoxin levels. When kernels of both genotypes were preincubated 3 days at 100% RH prior to inoculation with A. flavus, germination percentages increased to very high levels compared to those of kernels that were not preincubated. In preincubated kernels aflatoxin levels remained consistently low in GT-MAS:gk but decreased markedly (61%) in Pioneer 3154. When eight susceptible hybrids were evaluated for aflatoxin accumulation in preincubated kernels, seven of these supported significantly lower toxin levels than kernels not subjected to preincubation. Average reduction across hybrids was 83%, and reductions within hybrids ranged from 68 to 96%. Preincubated kernels of one susceptible hybrid (Deltapine G-4666) supported aflatoxin levels comparable to those in resistant GT-MAS:gk. Data suggest that an inhibitor of aflatoxin biosynthesis may be induced during kernel germination. Possible mechanisms for embryo effects on resistance to aflatoxin accumulation are discussed.

Effect of Laminarin on Aspergillus Flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 343-344 ◽  
pp. 1168-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Bin Hu ◽  
Hong Bo Li ◽  
Jun Liang Sun ◽  
Jie Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Laminaria Digitata ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Mycelium Growth

Control of aflatoxin contamination has been a worldwide problem. Laminarin from Laminaria digitata is one kind of polysaccharides with multiple biological activities. In this paper, the inhibitory effects of Laminarin on the growth and toxin production of A. flavus was studied. The results indicated that 150 and 200 µg/mL of Laminarin ccould significantly inhibit the aflatoxin production in Sabouraud liquid medium (Sab), without affecting mycelium growth. In addition, the results also showed that certain concentration Laminaria could decrease the infection of peanut seeds by A. flavus as well as the contamination by aflatoxin B1.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin B1 Affects Kenyan Markets: How It Can be Managed

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Solomon Omwoma Lugasi
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Maize Flour ◽  
Food Supply Chain ◽  
Parent Companies

Aflatoxin B1 is a toxin produced as secondary fungal metabolites by the fungus Aspergillus, particularly A. flavus. The toxin has significantly contaminated the food supply chain especially cereals in Kenya. Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) has recently banned five maize flour brands, citing high aflatoxin levels. They also suspended seven peanut butter products and the permits of their parent companies over aflatoxin contamination. The huge losses encountered by these companies calls for concerted efforts to manage aflatoxin in cereals. Aflasafe, a natural product for controlling poisonous A. flavus in food crops, including maize is made from roasted sterile sorghum (usually colored blue using food color) coated with non-poison producing types of A. flavus native to Kenya. The product is broadcasted in the maize fields during flowering and after exposure to sufficient moisture, the friendly Aflasafe fungi grow out as green spores containing millions of spores that are eventually spread to the crop, carried by wind and insects in the manner that aflatoxin-producing fungi are spread.

scholarly journals Magnitude of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Species, Level of Aflatoxin B1, and Associated Factors in Stored Feed at Poultry Farms in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ambachew Motbaynor ◽  
Dawit Kassaye ◽  
Migbaru Keffale ◽  
Pawlos Wasihun
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Aspergillus Species ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dire Dawa

Aflatoxin, the secondary toxic metabolite of Aspergillus species, particularly aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus, has a detrimental effect on poultry health and production. There exists some information gap about the magnitudes of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species and aflatoxin in poultry feeds in the study area. Thus, the study was conducted to estimate the magnitude and assess the related potential factors of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species with evaluations of the level of aflatoxin B1 in stored poultry feed at selected farms in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was carried out on 374 poultry feed samples recruited by using a stratified simple random sampling technique. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to assess the level of knowledge and prevention practices associated with aflatoxin in poultry feed. The isolation of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species was made by Aspergillus flavus parasiticus media, and aflatoxin B1 was estimated by aflatoxin B1 enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Results showed that the magnitude of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species was 72.5% (95% CI: 67.6–76.9). The odds at which the species isolated were higher ( p < 0.05 ) in feeds stored more than two months (AOR = 2.69), the presence of rodents in the storing room (AOR = 2.67), feeds having high moisture content (AOR = 1.5), and feed ingredient types (AOR = 4.3) compared to their counter parts. Only 34.4 and 32.8 percent of the respondents have better knowledge and apply prevention practice about fungal contamination and aflatoxin production in poultry feed, respectively. The occurrence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species in poultry feed was associated with the presence of rodents in the feed storing room with long storing period and high moisture contents of the feed. The knowledge and prevention practices employed by farm managers and workers about fungal contamination and aflatoxin in poultry feed are found low.

scholarly journals Antifungal and Antiaflatoxigenic Activities of 1,8-Cineole and t-Cinnamaldehyde on Aspergillus flavus

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeong-Mi Kim ◽  
Hyunwoo Kwon ◽  
Kyeongsoon Kim ◽  
Sung-Eun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Aflatoxin B2

Aspergillus flavus and A. parsiticus produce aflatoxins that are highly toxic to mammals and birds. In this study, the inhibitory effects of 1,8-cineole and t-cinnamaldehyde were examined on the growth of Aspergillus flavus ATCC 22546 and aflatoxin production. 1,8-Cineole showed 50% inhibition of fungal growth at a concentration of 250 ppm, while t-cinnamaldehyde almost completely inhibited fungal growth at a concentration of 50 ppm. Furthermore, no fungal growth was observed when the growth medium was treated with 100 ppm t-cinnamaldehyde. 1,8-Cineole also exhibited 50% inhibition on the production of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin B2 at a concentration of 100 ppm, while the addition of 100 ppm t-cinnamaldehyde completely inhibited aflatoxin production. These antiaflatoxigenic activities were related to a dramatic downregulation of the expression of aflE and aflL by 1,8-cineole, but the mode of action for t-cinnamaldehyde was unclear. Collectively, our results suggest that both of the compounds are promising alternatives to the currently used disinfectant, propionic acid, for food and feedstuff preservation.

scholarly journals Prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts in Pune city

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 3310
Author(s):  
Manasi Shailesh Deshmukh ◽  
Varsha Mahesh Vaidya
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Estimate Prevalence ◽  
The City ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Background: Aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts is caused by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. In this study, the prevalence of aflatoxin B1 in groundnuts has been assessed. Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. They are known to cause hepatocellular toxicity. The aim of the study is to estimate prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts sold in the city of Pune and to assess the awareness about aflatoxin contamination amongst shopkeepers of selected shops/vendors.Methods: Sampling of groundnuts was conducted in 17 out of 144 administrative wards of Pune city. Hundred samples weighing 250g each were purchased from the randomly selected stores and transported in black polythene bags to The State Public Health Laboratory, Pune. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used by the laboratory to determine levels of aflatoxin B1. A pre-structured questionnaire was used for assessment of knowledge of aflatoxin contamination amongst vendors.Results: Out of 100 samples, four samples were contaminated with aflatoxin. However the maximum contamination was 0.6 parts per billion, which is well within the permissible limit of 30 parts per billion. Awareness of aflatoxin contamination amongst vendors was six percent. Ninety four percent of vendors were unaware of the concept of aflatoxin contamination.Conclusions: It is necessary to educate vendors, suppliers and handlers about the health hazards caused by this toxic fungus for the benefit of the average consumer. 

scholarly journals Mycobial contamination and mycotoxinogenesis of Tinospora cordifolia: an important medicinal plant of India

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sharma ◽  
G Sumbali ◽  
V Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Aflatoxin B2 ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant

An investigation of mycoflora and associated mycotoxins was carried out from dried market samples of stem portions of Tinospora cordifolia, an important medicinal plant of India. These samples were collected from various wholesale and retail shops of eight districts of Jammu and Kashmir state viz., Kathua, Jammu, Udhampur, Rajouri, Poonch, Doda, Srinagar and Leh. A total of 39 fungal species representing 18 genera were recovered by using surface washing technique. Assessment of mycobial load of T. cordifolia showed the presence of many such fungal species that are widely acknowledged as the most important mycotoxin producers. Analyses of samples for mycotoxin contamination was done by multimycotoxin detection method. The dried samples of Tinospora cordifolia were detected to be contaminated with aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, ochratoxin A, patulin and citrinin. Among the various mycotoxins detected, aflatoxins were present in maximum number of samples, which is probably because Aspergillus flavus was recovered from all the investigated samples. However, fusarial species and their toxins were not detected from the investigated samples. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v3i2.17839 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 3 (2): 16-21, December, 2013

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