PrimPol (Primase/Polymerase), replicating enzyme – A mini review

Polymerases were revealed first in 1970s. Most important to the modest perception the enzyme responsible for nuclear DNA replication that was pol , for DNA repair pol and for mitochondrial DNA replication pol DNA construction and renovation done by DNA polymerases, so directing both the constancy and discrepancy of genetic information. Replication of genome initiate with DNA template-dependent fusion of small primers of RNA. This preliminary phase in replication of DNA demarcated as de novo primer synthesis which is catalyzed by specified polymerases known as primases. Sixteen diverse DNA-synthesizing enzymes about human perspective are devoted to replication, reparation, mutilation lenience, and inconsistency of nuclear DNA. But in dissimilarity, merely one DNA polymerase has been called in mitochondria. It has been suggest that PrimPol is extremely acting the roles by re-priming DNA replication in mitochondria to permit an effective and appropriate way replication to be accomplished. Investigations from a numeral of test site have significantly amplified our appreciative of the role, recruitment and regulation of the enzyme during DNA replication. Though, we are simply just start to increase in value the versatile roles that play PrimPol in eukaryote.

Mycotoxicolgical evaluation of indigenous varieties of wheat from Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan.

The present study was designed to investigate the mycological contamination and aflatoxigenic potential of fungi isolated from the indigenous certified varieties of wheat. Surface spread method was used to determine mycological contamination whereas to determine the toxigenic potential of isolated fungi and screening of wheat grains for aflatoxin contamination thin layer chromatography was used. All the collected samples revealed fungal contamination however none of the fungal isolate showed aflatoxigenic potential. Similarly all the samples showed negativity for aflatoxin. It can be concluded that for human public health, cereal grains must be subjected to quality control and mycotoxicologicalexaminations.

Prevalence of Multiple Drug Resistance among Avian Pathogenic E. coli Isolates from Commercial Poultry

Infections associated with Avian Pathogenic E. coli are responsible for huge economic losses for poultry industry worldwide. Particularly, its association with colibacillosis, a complex syndrome which is characterized by lesions of multiple organs i.e. peritonitis, pericarditis, air Sacculitis, osteomyelitis, salpingitis and yolk sac infections is responsible for high mortality and morbidity. Moreover, it causes respiratory tract infections among poultry birds, followed by septicaemia. Liver samples were collected from commercial poultry birds from the various retail shops located in Peshawar City. Bacteria were identified by biochemical and molecular methods. Out of all the tested isolates n=85, 98% were identified as Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC). Identified APEC samples were further tested against 23 different antibiotics including amoxicillin (89.40%), levofloxacin (62.40%), ciprofloxacin (71.80%), tobramycin (14.10%), gentamycin (34.10%),neomycin (53.00%), streptomycin (81.00%), tigecyclines (0.00%), oxytetracyclines (96.50%), doxycycline (61.20%), nitrofurantoin (1.00%), chloramphenicol (63.50%), cefixime (7%), cefepime (4.70%), ceftazidime (8.30%), cefotaxime (8.00%), cephalothin (43.50%), trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole (77.60%), lincomycin (100%), augmentin (4.70%), carbapenem (4%) and polymyxin B (15%). Out of all n=85 isolates 99.9% were multi-drug resistant. Furthermore, ESBL encoding TEM, OXA, SHV were detected in following percentages 53.60%, 19.50%, 9.70% respectively genes.

The Physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of date palm Phoenix dactylifera (L) of Kech district Balochistan Pakistan.

The present study was designed to estimate the physicochemical & fatty acid profile of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. grown at kech District,Baluchistan.the obtained oil yield was 9.77% by the soxhlet extraction.the fat content in date seed was 9.15%,protein 5.33%,crude fiber 6.89%,ash 1.13%,moisture 9.78% total carbohydrate content was 73.32% and refractive index was 1.449%.the chemical properties such as Acid value,Saponification value,Iodine value and peroxide value was 1.89%,187.83%,56.568% and 1.244 respectively.while the mineral analysis was done by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and results indicate that potassium was the most abundant mineral (247.32%)followed by the magnesium (63.73%), phosphorus (43.07%)and calcium was (38.89%).whereas the fatty acid composition of date seed oil shows that it was a oleic-lauric acid being the abundant fatty acid found in it followed by the linoleic,stearic and palmitic acid. The all results showed that date seed oil is an excellent nutritional source and it would also play a vital role in cosmetics and neutraceutical industries.

Isolation, Identification, Molecular Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Uro- Pathogenic E.Coli (UPEC) Isolated From Non-Hospitalized Urinary tract infections (UTI)

Background of the study: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Uro-pathogenic E.coli (UPEC) considered as most serious infections with increased mortality and morbidity. The ability of UPEC to encode variety of virulence determinants correlated with high recurrence rates and antibiotic resistance. Purpose of the study: The present study focuses on DNA Extraction from E.coli by rapid PCR method and also characterization of Emboli’s molecules. E coli has the carrying ability of many mobile genes, these mobile genes carry the virulence factors. The present study was designed to detect these virulence genetic factors, using phenotypic method like multiplex PCR and detecting capsule synthesis, invasions toxin’s, Adhesions and side-rophores, The study also focused on a specific gene CHUA having ability in heme iron acquisition system and investigation of various virulence determinants expressed by UPEC and their relationship with antibiotic resistance. Methods: Total 15 clinical samples of UPEC were isolated, identified and screened for antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test and micro broth dilution method were used to measure the antibiotic sensitivity testing of UPEC isolates. The susceptibility was tested by measuring the zone size after impregnated with antibiotic discs. Results: The interpretation of zone size was done according to the proposed protocol of Clinical Laboratory and Standard Institute (CLSI). Majority of UPEC isolates (22%) were sensitive to tetracycline followed by Norfloxacin (18%). However, least sensitivity was observed against ampicillin (2%) and no sensitivity was experienced against cephalosporin (0%) and penicillin (0%). Conclusion: It has been concluded that majority of UTI patient were suffering from UPEC. Resistance of UPEC against frontline drugs increasing rapidly. Thereby rational and appropriate use of antibiotics is the only way to save important therapeutic options.

Study on the complications by chronic diabetes mellitus type II in Quetta Balochistan

Due to worl wide increase in Diabetes Mellitus, a rise community consciousness about influence of hyperglycemiea and its most common complications ike stroke, hypertension, nephropathy, amputation, neuropathy, cardiovascular and retinopathy etc is required. Awareness on adoption of good diet, physical activities as well as a healthy life-style is required for a healthy long life . Therefore, this study has been designed to investigate the burden of complications of chronic diabetes mellitus in diabetic patients of Quetta city, in order to improve the health status and life style of diabetic patients living in Quetta. Details of all the complications caused by diabetes mellitus were collected from the patients and the bllood glucose was permormed by standard method. This study reaveled the frequency percentage of comorbidities in this order crdiovascular conditions 30% > neuropathy conditions 17.8% > Ocular conditions 14.8% > Nephropathy conditions 10.7% > Cerebrovascular 6.8% > Feet conditions 1.5% > Amputations 0.1%. These results are in agreement to previous studies which showed the highest prevelance of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in diabetic patients with hyperglycemia, hypertension, smoking habits and unhealthy life styles.

Quantitative determination of HbA2 level in β-thalassemia trait by using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis in Balochistan; A comparative study

In Pakistan, β-thalassemia is considered as one of most typical genetic abnormality. Different countries like Itlay, France, and Greece have recognised thalassemia as preventive disorder of society. In Pakistan, since 1994 different efforts were made to control thalassemic epidemic. Inspite of this, there is no significant decline in occurrence of childbirth with transfusion dependent β-thalassemia incidents. In order to obtain fruitful results of general thalassemia eradication program nation wide, it is vital to evaluate β-thalassemia trait (BTT) by specific, low price, and accurate mechanism of diagnosis. So, this current research was carried out to decide the levels of HbA2 in samples by the use of Capillary Zone Electrophore and Cellulose Acetate Hemoglobin Electrophoresis. This comparative research was done in the four groups: i) Normal Individual having no sign or symptom of thalassemia ii) Patients having BTT i.e b-thalassemia trait iii) Patients having IDA i.e Iron Deficiency Anemia iv) Parents of β-thalassemia major child with iron deficiency anemia (BTT and IDA). It means that both parents are carrier of β-thalassemia not diagnosed yet. The level of HbA2 were estimated by the Cellulose Acetate Hemoglobin Electrophoresis and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis independently and then compared to design established results. Result: Both these methods have found to be correct for the patients having b-thalassemia trait (BTT) but in combined condition, cases of b-thalassemia trait (BTT) were failed to be analyzed by both these systems. Conclusion: As this technique is very easy, easily reachable and affordable. So, it is highly recommended for the diagnosis in the poor province like Balochistan in Pakistan. In thalassemia prevention, it plays a vital role.

Impacts of renal insufficiency on hepatic profile among different chronic Lower Urinary tract; patients in Quetta

Primary functions of kidneys to filter the blood by its cells called nephrons, products after metabolism and toxics produced by kidneys upper Urinary tract; and stored in Lower Urinary tract; this helps the body for balance of, electrolytes, water, RBCs, leukocytes, ca and blood pressure. If the renal system not work properly it may cause some complications like kidney stones, electrolytes imbalance, which leads to different complications some time may leads to kidney failure .it also effects on blood cells, if kidneys not work properly our body retains water and toxics not excreted form blood steam, so patient may leads to death. The prevalence of kidney diseases is significantly increasing in pediatric population, that is may be due to life style changes i.e. diet changes, environmental changes. .

Conventional and Molecular Based Studies on Trichomonas Vaginalis in Quetta, Balochistan

This study was designed to investigate the prevailing status of Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan parasite causing urogenital tract infections in human beings, in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. As no documented study of this kind has been conducted so far, it was designed to obtain the overall prevalence of T.vaginalis infection. Through conventional wet mount technique, its morphological identification by staining techniques and with PCR confirmation. In addition to investigation of age-wise and gender-wise prevalence of T.v, its correlation with reproductive disorders was also investigated through a questionnaire proforma while taking urine samples. For this purpose six hundred (600) urine samples (300 samples from each gender) were collected from the public sector hospitals located in Quetta city. The study was designed in three age groups as G1: 21-30, G2: 31-40, and G3: 41-50 years of each gender. A total of four samples were found positive microscopically only in female patients, whereas three of these positive samples were confirmed as T. vaginalis by PCR using BTUB9/2 set of primers. The fourth positive sample might be the specie other than T.vaginalis. It is concluded that the overall prevalence of T.v amongst females was observed as 0.1%, while the samples from males were found negative for T.v. so the overall percentage in total samples found as 0.5%.

Determination the Effects of Hyperthyroidism on Pre-Eclampsia in Women of Balochistan

Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland that reproduces hormones that regulates the body metabolic rate and other body functions. Hyperthyroidism is the dysfunction of thyroid gland which interferes during 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancies inducing pre-eclamptic disorder in pregnant women. These disorders may cause deaths as well as morbidity losses in mothers and fetus. These conditions are observed due to imbalance production of T3, T4 and TSH. Hyperthyroidism is highly associated with the onset of pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is detected by elevated levels of proteinuria as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressures. This study was conceded to discover the influence of hyperthyroidism on pre-eclamptic women of Balochistan. For the purpose, one hundred one (101) pregnant women of 15-50 years of age were selected for this study for comprehensive history, physical and medical examination according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients of different ethnic groups were examined at Out Patient Department (OPD) in Centre for Nuclear Medicine and Radio therapy (CENAR), Sandeman Provincial Hospital and Bolan Medical Complex hospital (BMC), Quetta. The study focuses on the identification of factors associated with hyperthyroidism and pre-eclampsia and to create awareness regarding this important health issue during pregnancy which may lead to eclamptic seizures during onset of full term labor and are found to be fatal for women and neonate during pregnancy. The current study revealed that out of 101 hyperthyroid patients 61.4% and 20.8% patients belong to Pashtoon and Baloch ethnic groups respectively. It was also found that 44 out of 101 patients lie in age group of 26-35 years. It was observed that highly educated, socioeconomic sound women developed less Pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia was found to be in a significant numbers (33), in hyperthyroid patients, with highest frequency of Pedal edema (36.6%).