scholarly journals Airborne Bacteria and Carcass Contamination in Slaughterhouses

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. MARJATTA RAHKIO ◽  
HANNU J. KORKEALA
Keyword(s):  
Air Flow ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Airborne Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
Airborne Contamination ◽  
Carcass Contamination ◽  
Flow Detector

Microbiological contamination of air and carcasses .was studied in four slaughterhouses by using impactor samples taken at the back-splitting and weighing areas and by sampling carcasses with the swabbing method. Air flow was determined by an air-flow detector, and the movement of workers was observed. The air contamination level in the back-splitting areas (2.25 log CFU/100 liters of air) was generally higher than that in the weighing areas (2.03 log CFU/100 liters of air). Associations between the microbiological contamination of air and carcasses with the movements of workers were found. Layout of the slaughtering line was shown to be important in decreasing airborne contamination. Separation of the clean and unclean parts of the line as well as separation of the weighing area from the other clean parts of the line decreased the contamination level. It appears that airborne bacteria have an important role in carcass contamination.

scholarly journals Surgical Smoke and Airborne Microbial Contamination in Operating Theatres: Influence of Ventilation and Surgical Phases

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5395
Author(s):  
Francesco Romano ◽  
Samanta Milani ◽  
Jan Gustén ◽  
Cesare Maria Joppolo
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Operating Table ◽  
Surgical Smoke ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
Airborne Contamination ◽  
Operating Theatres ◽  
Ventilation Systems

Air cleanliness is a crucial factor in operating theatres (OTs), where the health of patients and staff must be preserved by controlling air contamination. Particular attention must be paid to ultrafine particles (UFPs) size range, generated for instance by electrosurgical instruments (ESTs). OT contamination is also affected by ventilation systems, medical staff and their gowning system, staff routines, instruments, etc. This comparative study is based on experimental measurements of airborne microbial contamination and UFPs carried out during real ongoing surgeries in two OTs equipped with upward displacement ventilation (UWD) and hybrid ventilation, with unidirectional airflow on the operating table and peripheral mixing (UDAF+Mixing) ventilation systems. Airborne contamination concentration at the exit grilles has been analyzed as function of four different surgical phases normally performed during an operation. Results highlight that airborne contamination is influenced by the activities carried out during the surgical phases. EST usage affects the contamination level more than staff size during operation observed. Colony forming unit (CFU) values in the protected area close to the patient’s wound are influenced more by the type of ventilation system than by surgical phases. CFU values decrease by 18 to 50 times from the UWD system to the hybrid one. The large airflow volumes supply together with high air velocities in OTs equipped with UDAF+Mixing systems guarantee a better and a safer airborne contamination control for patients and medical team in comparison with UWD systems.

scholarly journals Impact of Turbulence Models on the Air Flow in a Confined Rectangular Space

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Jakub Mularski ◽  
Amit Arora ◽  
Muhammad Azam Saeed ◽  
Łukasz Niedźwiecki ◽  
Samrand Saeidi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Turbulence Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Wall Region ◽  
Sst Model ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Given

The paper regards the impact of four different turbulence models on the air flow pattern in a confined rectangular space. The following approaches are analyzed. The Baseline (BSL) Reynolds model, the Speziale-Sarkar-Gatzki (SSG) Reynolds model, the Menter's shear-stress transport (SST) model and the basic k-ε model. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are compared with the experimental measurements in four different planes. The Reynolds number for the given conditions is equal to 5000. The k-ε model yielded the most accurate results with regard to the experimental data but its reliability decreased near the wall region. With respect to the other models, it was also found that the k-ε approach generated the least circulating flow.

Assessing the efficacy of photocatalytic oxidation on bacterial contamination in a clinical setting – a randomised controlled trial

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 251-253
Author(s):  
Anwar Abbas Jafri ◽  
Sanjay Gupta ◽  
Zaki Ibrahim ◽  
Paul Baker ◽  
Tamsin Oswald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Photocatalytic Oxidation ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Colony Count ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Randomised Study ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Airborne Contamination ◽  
Air Purifier

Airborne contamination has been shown to be a significant source of wound contamination in orthopaedic surgery. This is the first reported study looking at the efficacy of ActivTek 300, a portable UV/TiO2-based air purifier unit to reduce airborne contamination in a clinical setting. In this randomised study the investigator was blinded as to whether the unit had been on or off for the previous seven days. Air contamination was measured weekly using a validated technique in ward treatment rooms using a Mini Air Sampler (MAS-100) and agar plates, over a period of 12 weeks. The agar plates were then incubated for 24 hours and the results were expressed as number of colony forming units per plate (cfu). The biomedical scientist who manually counted the number of cfus was blinded as to whether the unit was on or off. Measurements were duplicated to improve the accuracy of the study, and in addition to this an identical experiment was set up in a second treatment room on a separate randomisation schedule. Analysis of the data demonstrated median colony count was significantly lower with the unit on (Median = 43 interquartile range (IQR) 30 to 83) than when it was off (median = 95 IQR 44 to 143) ( p < 0.01). This represents a 55% mean reduction in the colony count. This study suggests that the portable UV/TiO2-based air purifier unit is efficacious in reducing airborne contamination in the clinical environment and may have a promising role in reducing overall infection rates in surgical patients.

EML Thoron Gas Measurements

1994 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.O. Knutson ◽  
A.C. George ◽  
P. Shebell ◽  
C.V. Gogolak
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coincidence Method ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Filter Tube ◽  
Current Measuring ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Indoor Air Flow

Abstract The Environmental Measurements Laboratory's experience with two methods of measuring thoron gas, and its findings on the feasibility of using these measurements to diagnose indoor air flow paths, are presented. One method is an updated version of the two-filter tube, and the other is a modified Falk-More-Nyblom delayed coincidence method. Measurements made with these instruments in six houses indicated that thoron concentrations are very low (median about 11 Bq.m-3); this is consistent with values previously reported for US housing. Both methods had difficulty measuring these low levels, particularly in houses with high radon gas levels. At one house, thoron levels measured outdoors over bare earth were higher than indoor levels. At the low levels encountered and with the current measuring technology, it seems unlikely that thoron gas measurements can be used to trace indoor air motion.

scholarly journals The Fluvisol and sediment trace element contamination level as related to their geogenic and anthropogenic source  

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 136-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Vácha ◽  
M. Sáňka ◽  
O. Sáňka ◽  
J. Skála ◽  
J. Čechmánková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Soil Load ◽  
Definition Of

The upper values of the extractability of trace elements (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in 2 mol/L HNO<sub>3</sub> and 0.025 mol/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (compared with their pseudototal content in aqua regia) for determination of prevailing anthropogenic and geogenic soil load were proposed and compared with the results of the other 30 Fluvisol samples collected from the Labe fluvial zone. The increased geogenic load of Fluvisols was confirmed in the case of Be and As in some localities where low extractability with increased pseudototal contents were detected as opposed to the other elements when their increased pseudototal contents were followed by their increased extractability. The maps of probability of increased geogenic soil load in the area of the Czech Republic based on the comparison of geological substrates and trace element load were constructed. The combination of proposed elements extractability values for geogenic load together with developed maps is a suitable tool for the definition of prevailing Fluvisol or sediment load on some localities in the whole area of the Czech Republic. The results can be also a useful tool in the decision making processes regarding dredged sediment application on agricultural soil (support tool for legislative norms, Direction No. 257/2009 Sb.).

scholarly journals Airborne Listeria spp. in the red meat processing industry

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 441-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dobeic ◽  
E. Kenda ◽  
J. Mičunovič ◽  
I. Zdovc
Keyword(s):  
Red Meat ◽  
Positive Case ◽  
Airborne Bacteria ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Mesophilic Bacteria ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Carcass Contamination ◽  
Settling Rates

The aim of this study was to determine the potential presence of the airborne Listeria spp. and its correlation with the aerobic mesophilic bacteria and Listeria carcass contamination in three red meat slaughtering and three processing plants. Airborne L. seeligeri and L. innocua were determined using 8 (5.06%, n = 158) air samples taken on the locations characteristic for aerosol generating and in a chilly environment. The positive airborne samples of Listeria spp. were in an insignificant (P &gt; 0.05) relation with the highest airborne bacteria counts. On the carcass, only 1 positive case (0.69%, n = 144) of L. innocua was determined, presumably owing to the low airborne Listeria counts and its unpredictable settling rates. In addition, insignificant (P &gt; 0.05) influences of air moisture and airflow on the airborne Listeria were found. Nevertheles, the methods currently used to determine the airborne Listeria and its relationships to aerosol viable mesophilic bacteria and carcass contamination need to be reconsidered in future investigations.

scholarly journals Microbiological Contamination of Honeys from Different Sources in Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Ayse E. Borum ◽  
Mesut E. Gunes
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Honey Sample ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Microbiological Properties

Abstract Honey samples obtained by beekeepers taken from thirty-five different apiaries in Turkey’s region of Marmara were investigated for the presence of microorganism. Each honey sample was examined for the number of total aerobic mesofilic bacteria, coliforms, moulds and yeasts and the presence of Salmonella spp., Clostridium botulinum, along with other aerobic bacteriae such as Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius. In total, fifty-four honey samples of different botanical origins including unifloral (Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Trifolium, Onobrychis), multifloral and chestnut were evaluated in the means of microbiological properties. Microorganisms were isolated in twenty-eight samples (60.86%) of pure cultures and eighteen samples (39.13%) of mixed cultures. On the other hand, no microorganisms were isolated in eight samples. Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. C. albicans and Penicillium spp. were isolated and identified in other honey samples. The bacteria counts were 4×102 - 1.4×103 cfu/g for aerobic mesofilic bacteria and 1-185 cfu/g for the fungi. The application of sanitary practices (hand washing, avoidance of sneezing or coughing, etc.) may be effective in controlling contamination by microorganisms. On the other hand, air, equipment and dust may be contributing causes of microbiological contamination. Therefore it is important to take precautions in order to avoid such contamination, even though such factors are often difficult to control.

scholarly journals Laminar air flow reduces particle load in TKA—even outside the LAF panel: a prospective, randomized cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Kirschbaum ◽  
Hagen Hommel ◽  
Peggy Strache ◽  
Roland Horn ◽  
Roman Falk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Operating Table ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Airborne Contamination ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
Major Increase ◽  
Laminar Air Flow

Abstract Purpose Released particles are a major risk of airborne contamination during surgery. The present prospective study investigated the quantitative and qualitative particle load in the operating room (OR) depending on location, time of surgery and use of laminar air flow (LAF) system. Methods The particle load/m3 was measured during the implantation of 12 total knee arthroplasties (6 × LAF, 6 × Non-LAF) by using the Met One HHPC 6 + device (Beckmann Coulter GmbH, Germany). Measurement was based on the absorption and scattering of (laser) light by particles and was performed at three different time-points [empty OR, setting up, ongoing operation) at 3 fixed measurement points [OR table (central LAF area), anaesthesia tower (marginal LAF area), surgical image amplifier (outside LAF area)]. Results Independent of time and location, all measurements showed a significantly higher particle load in the Non-LAF group (p < 0.01). With ongoing surgical procedure both groups showed increasing particle load. While there was a major increase of fine particles (size < 1 µm) with advancing activity in the LAF group, the Non-LAF group showed higher particle gain with increasing particle size. The lowest particle load in the LAF group was measured at the operating column, increasing with greater distance from the operating table. The Non-LAF group presented a significantly higher particle load than the LAF group at all locations. Conclusion The use of a LAF system significantly reduces the particle load and therefore potential bacterial contamination regardless of the time or place of measurement and therefore seems to be a useful tool for infection prevention. As LAF leads to a significant decrease of respirable particles, it appears to be a protective factor for the health of the surgical team regardless of its use in infection prevention. Level of evidence I.

scholarly journals Protection from microbial contamination in a room ventilated by a uni-directional air flow

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. Lidwell ◽  
A. G. Towers
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Regional Hospital ◽  
Airborne Bacteria ◽  
Settling Rate ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Experimental Room ◽  
Flow Lines ◽  
Hospital Board ◽  
Different Parts

SUMMARYExperiments have been carried out on the extent to which movement of persons in a room ventilated by a horizontally directed uniform air velocity can transport airborne bacteria from one position to another. More than 107 particles approximately 13 μ in diameter (settling rate in air about 1 ft./min.) carrying spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger were liberated in each experiment and the numbers reaching the different parts of the room were estimated by those recovered on exposed settling plates. At air velocities of 35 ft./min. and over, no particles could be certainly found to have moved against the direction of air flow except into areas actually entered by persons, and the numbers found in these areas were between 100 and 1000 times less than would have been expected in rooms turbulently ventilated with the same volume of air. There was some transport of particles transversely across the air-flow lines but at 4 ft. distance from the area where movement of persons was taking place the numbers had fallen substantially below 1/100 of those to be expected in a turbulently ventilated room.The results recorded at an air velocity of 22 ft./min. were significantly less satisfactory.Our thanks are due to the N.W. Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board, to the Hospital Management Committee of St Charles' Hospital, London, W10, and especially to the hospital engineer for accommodating the experimental room and facilitating its operation.

Microbiological Conditions of Sheep Carcasses from Conventional or Inverted Dressing Processes†

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1291-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. GILL ◽  
J. BRYANT ◽  
D. A. BRERETON
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
The Other ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
E Coli

At a small abattoir, 25 sheep carcasses were dressed conventionally, with the carcass suspended by the rear legs, and 25 carcasses were dressed while inverted, with the carcasses suspended by the forelegs. Two swab samples were obtained from randomly selected sites on each carcass, and total aerobic, coliform, and Escherichia coli counts were enumerated for each sample. Each type of count was arranged in two sets of 25 counts for each type of dressing process, and a log mean number and/or log total number recovered was calculated for each set of counts. The log mean number of total aerobic counts for one set of counts from carcasses dressed while inverted was less than the corresponding log mean numbers for both sets from the conventionally dressed carcasses and the other set from the carcasses dressed while inverted, and differed from them by about 0.7 log units. The coliforms recovered from carcasses were largely E. coli. The log total numbers of coliform or E. coli counts recovered from carcasses dressed while inverted were about 1.5 log units less than the corresponding log total numbers recovered from conventionally dressed carcasses. Those data indicate that the substitution of inverted for conventional dressing might serve to reduce the numbers of E. coli on sheep carcasses by reducing the microbiological contamination of the hindquarters but that the general microbiological condition of the carcasses would be little improved unless some means of preventing or removing contamination of the forequarters was also used.

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