Effect of Commonly Used Enhancement Solutions on the Viability of Toxoplasma gondii Tissue Cysts in Pork Loin

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2230-2233 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. HILL ◽  
C. SREEKUMAR ◽  
H. R. GAMBLE ◽  
J. P. DUBEY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Original Weight ◽  
Potassium Lactate ◽  
Retail Meat ◽  
The Brain

Retail meat cuts of pork are frequently enhanced with salt solutions to improve flavor and texture and to extend shelf life through reductions in microbial contamination. A study of the effect of commonly used meat enhancement solutions on the viability of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts was performed using tissues from experimentally infected mice and pigs. Brains of T. gondii–infected mice were injected to 110% of the original weight of the brain with solutions containing sodium chloride (1 and 2%), sodium diacetate (0.1 and 0.2%), sodium tripolyphosphate (0.25 and 0.5%), potassium lactate (1.4 and 1.96%), or sodium lactate (1.4, 1.5, and 2.0%) alone or in combination and stored at 4°C for 7 days before feeding to T. gondii–seronegative cats. Loins were collected from pigs experimentally infected with T. gondii and injected as above and stored for 7, 28, or 45 days at 4°C before feeding to T. gondii–seronegative cats. Cat feces were examined for 14 days to assess oocyst shedding. The present study demonstrated that injection of mouse brains or pork loins with solutions containing 2% sodium chloride or ≥1.4% potassium or sodium lactate, alone or in combination with other components, prevented transmission of T. gondii to cats.

Effects of Time and Temperature on the Viability of Toxoplasma gondii Tissue Cysts in Enhanced Pork Loin

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1961-1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. HILL ◽  
S. M. C. BENEDETTO ◽  
C. COSS ◽  
J. L. McCRARY ◽  
V. M. FOURNET ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Tissue Cyst ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Cyst Viability ◽  
Retail Meat ◽  
C 32

Enhanced or pumped pork products represent a significant proportion (40 to 50%) of the commercially available pork cuts available to consumers at the retail level. In a previous study, pork loins containing viable Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts were pumped with solutions containing 2% sodium chloride or 1.4% or higher potassium or sodium lactate and stored at 4°C for 7 days. This treatment prevented transmission of T. gondii to cats. In the present study, enhanced pork loins were stored for 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, or 40 h at 4°C and then fed to T. gondii–seronegative cats to determine how quickly the loss of tissue cyst viability occurred. In a second experiment, pork loins collected from pigs experimentally infected with T. gondii were stored at temperatures found in retail meat cases and then fed to T. gondii–seronegative cats to determine the effect of typical meat case storage temperatures on tissue cyst viability. In both experiments, cat feces were examined for 14 days after the infected meat meal to assess oocyst shedding. The results indicate that solutions containing 2% sodium chloride or 1.4% potassium or sodium lactate are effective within8hof injection for killing T. gondii tissue cysts in pork loins and that storage at meat case temperatures at or below 0°C (32°F) for 7 days also killed T. gondii tissue cysts in pork loins.

Injection of beef strip loins with solutions containing sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium lactate, and sodium chloride to enhance palatability.

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 952 ◽  
Author(s):  
D J Vote ◽  
W J Platter ◽  
J D Tatum ◽  
G R Schmidt ◽  
K E Belk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Sodium Lactate

scholarly journals The (in)dependency of blood and sweat sodium, chloride, potassium, ammonia, lactate and glucose concentrations during submaximal exercise

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Klous ◽  
C. J. de Ruiter ◽  
S. Scherrer ◽  
N. Gerrett ◽  
H. A. M. Daanen
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Blood Composition ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Potassium Lactate ◽  
Blood Potassium ◽  
Sweat Composition ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Abstract Purpose To reduce the need for invasive and expensive measures of human biomarkers, sweat is becoming increasingly popular in use as an alternative to blood. Therefore, the (in)dependency of blood and sweat composition has to be explored. Methods In an environmental chamber (33 °C, 65% relative humidity; RH), 12 participants completed three subsequent 20-min cycling stages to elicit three different local sweat rates (LSR) while aiming to limit changes in blood composition: at 60% of their maximum heart rate (HRmax), 70% HRmax and 80% HRmax, with 5 min of seated-rest in between. Sweat was collected from the arm and back during each stage and post-exercise. Blood was drawn from a superficial antecubital vein in the middle of each stage. Concentrations of sodium, chloride, potassium, ammonia, lactate and glucose were determined in blood plasma and sweat. Results With increasing exercise intensity, LSR, sweat sodium, chloride and glucose concentrations increased (P ≤ 0.026), while simultaneously limited changes in blood composition were elicited for these components (P ≥ 0.093). Sweat potassium, lactate and ammonia concentrations decreased (P ≤ 0.006), while blood potassium decreased (P = 0.003), and blood ammonia and lactate concentrations increased with higher exercise intensities (P = 0.005; P = 0.007, respectively). The vast majority of correlations between blood and sweat parameters were non-significant (P > 0.05), with few exceptions. Conclusion The data suggest that sweat composition is at least partly independent of blood composition. This has important consequences when targeting sweat as non-invasive alternative for blood measurements.

Brain Parasites and Suicide

2010 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 424-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lester
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The Brain

In a sample of 20 European nations, the prevalence of the brain parasite Toxoplasma gondii was positively associated with national suicide rates for men and women.

Insights into the molecular basis of host behaviour manipulation by Toxoplasma gondii infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Mehdi Hammoudi ◽  
Dominique Soldati-Favre
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Host Behaviour ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

Typically illustrating the ‘manipulation hypothesis’, Toxoplasma gondii is widely known to trigger sustainable behavioural changes during chronic infection of intermediate hosts to enhance transmission to its feline definitive hosts, ensuring survival and dissemination. During the chronic stage of infection in rodents, a variety of neurological dysfunctions have been unravelled and correlated with the loss of cat fear, among other phenotypic impacts. However, the underlying neurological alteration(s) driving these behavioural modifications is only partially understood, which makes it difficult to draw more than a correlation between T. gondii infection and changes in brain homeostasis. Moreover, it is barely known which among the brain regions governing fear and stress responses are preferentially affected during T. gondii infection. Studies aiming at an in-depth dissection of underlying molecular mechanisms occurring at the host and parasite levels will be discussed in this review. Addressing this reminiscent topic in the light of recent technical progress and new discoveries regarding fear response, olfaction and neuromodulator mechanisms could contribute to a better understanding of this complex host–parasite interaction.

Effect of Grinding Aids on the Fracture Energy of Mica

2011 ◽  
Vol 402 ◽  
pp. 503-509
Author(s):  
Ze Hong Wang ◽  
Fu Jia Yu ◽  
Shan Cai ◽  
Shan Zhi Deng ◽  
Roger Horn
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Fracture Energy ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Ammonium Bromide ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Grinding Aids ◽  
Slurry Rheology

An extension of the classical Obriemoff experiments has been set up to measure the fracture energy of mica. This experimental system will be entirely independent of slurry rheology. CTAB (Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide), sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, and tri-sodium citrate are used as grinding aids in this study and the fracture energy has been measured for mica in air, water, and water with the addition of various concentrations of these grinding aids. The results show that the fracture energy of mica in water is about half of what it is in air. Grinding aids are shown to reduce the fracture energy of mica, but not dramatically. Addition of grinding aids reduces the fracture energy by a further 10-20%, with tri-sodium citrate appearing to be the most effective. For each grinding aid there appears to be an optimal concentration, typically around 10 mmol. An experiment is also done with sodium chloride at a range of concentrations to investigate the mechanism of these grinding aids, but no reduction in fracture energy (compared to water) was observed, hence the molecular-level mechanism of action of these grinding aids remains unclear. The effect of solution pH values on the fracture energy are also investigated using tri-sodium citrate and sodium chloride. The results show that the solution pH value may effect on the fracture energy of mica. So, in practice, both concentration and pH value of solution are important for getting better grinding results.

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