Austro-Hungarian Trade and the Economic Development of Southeastern Europe before World War I

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronmyana Preshlenova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
World War

Investing in a Wealthy Resource-Based Colonial Economy: International Business in Australia before World War I

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-346
Author(s):  
Simon Ville ◽  
David Tolmie Merrett
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
International Business ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
Portfolio Investment ◽  
World War ◽  
Multinational Activity ◽  
Colonial Economy

The article is a rare investigation into multinational activity in a wealthy resource-based colonial economy toward the end of the first wave of globalization. It challenges the conventional wisdom that multinationals had a limited presence in pre-1914 Australia, where government loans and portfolio investment from Britain into infrastructural and primary industries dominated. Our new database of nearly five hundred foreign firms, from various nations and spread across the host economy, shows a thriving and diverse international business community whose agency mattered for economic development in Australia. Colonial ties, natural resources, stable institutions, and high incomes all attracted foreign firms.

The Industrial Politics of the Kreditbanken, 1880–1914

1977 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Neuburger
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Investment Banks ◽  
German Industry ◽  
World War ◽  
Financial Strength

One of the most durable theories explaining the remarkable rise of German industry in the generation before World War I was that of the critical role of the Kreditbanken, the great commercial and investment banks of which the Deutsche Bank was the most prominent. Recently, however, historians have begun to question the power of the banks, and even to suggest that they were a drag on German economic development. In this brief study of how Georg Siemens, of the Deutsche Bank, kept the peace between the two leading German electrical equipment manufacturers, Professor Neuburger shows that the crucial factors were not merely the financial strength or weakness of the Bank, but also the diplomatic skill with which its leaders navigated the rapidly shifting currents of the era.

Project of Resolving the Belarusian Issue During World War I (1914–1918): Regional Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 248-256
Author(s):  
Dmitry S. Lavrinivich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
National Development ◽  
World War ◽  
Independent State ◽  
National Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
National Autonomy

At the beginning of the World War I, the center of Belarusian national movement was located in Vilna, where the editors of «Nasha Niva» journal and the « Belarusian society» formed two main views on the national development of the Belarusian people in the 20th century. The first project assumed national autonomy within the Federal Russian Republic. The representatives of the latter advocated the cultural and economic development of the Belarusian people while maintaining close ties with Russia. After the occupation of Vilna by the German troops and the fall of the tsarist government in 1917 independent Belarusian organizations emerged in all provincial cities and towns. Belarusian organizations, with centers in Minsk, advocated the national-territorial autonomy of Belarus as part of democratic Russia, and then the idea of creating an independent state, the Belarusian People’s Republic, prevailed. Belarusian organizations of Mogilev province were influenced by the ideology of Westrusism, but gradually evolved to the left and became closer to the Belarusian Socialist Community (BSG). The most conservative organization, the Belarusian People’s Union, operated in Vitebsk province.

Economic Development and Institutional Change, 1914–1950

2018 ◽  
pp. 184-203
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Nation State ◽  
World War ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Per Capita

This chapter explains how the period 1913 to 1950 was exceptionally difficult for Turkey. The country had to deal with the difficulties of the transition from being part of a larger empire to becoming a nation-state within new borders. Available data suggest income per capita declined by as much as 40 percent during World War I and remained depressed until the end of the War of Independence in 1922. Per capita incomes then increased rapidly in the 1920s and caught up with their pre-World War I levels and may have even slightly exceeded them by 1929. They then fell sharply, by more than 30 percent during World War II. Given these very large fluctuations in per capita income, it makes a big difference which end years are used in calculating the average growth rates for this period.

The economy and accounting sophistication: An overview of Transylvania

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-123
Author(s):  
Adela Deaconu ◽  
Crina I Filip
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Economic History ◽  
World War ◽  
European Context ◽  
Accounting Practice ◽  
History Of ◽  
Double Entry

Based on historiography and documentary research, this study juxtaposes the economic history of the Principality of Transylvania against the general evolution of accounting practice and thought, and makes comparisons with the general European context. Along with providing evidence for a less-researched area, the discussion on the sophistication of accounting through successive stages – from 1541 to 1918 – is useful for enabling other regional comparative studies. This study argues that there was a delay in the evolution of accounting in Transylvania compared to the development of European accounting, with the gap growing smaller towards the end of World War I. The pace of economic development, initially extremely slow, increased and triggered the emergence of capitalism, hence the development of double-entry bookkeeping and scientific accounting. In this way, Sombart’s ideas and the post-Sombart theses are supported. Imperial (Austro-Hungarian) political domination and the region’s social structure played an important role in this setting. Observing other external channels of the spread of accounting, the study confirms the validity of the diffusionist theory.

Social Security for Medical Care: Is it Justified in Developing Countries?

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Roemer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
World War ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Security Programs

Social insurance spread from Europe to the developing countries, especially in Latin America, after World War I. In these countries, however, the percentage of persons insured is typically small, so that “inequities” are created relative to the larger non–insured populations. Nevertheless, the social insurance device is justified because of its effects in upgrading the overall health service resources and promoting the general economic development of the predominantly agricultural countries. Moreover, social security programs are in the long run not obstructive to but promotive of Ministries of Health and their services.

Lawyers, Guns, and Public Moneys: The U.S. Treasury, World War I, and the Administration of the Modern Fiscal State

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay K. Mehrotra
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Finance ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The U.S

World War I was a pivotal event for U.S. political and economic development, particularly in the realm of public finance. For it was during the war that the federal government ended its traditional reliance on regressive import duties and excise taxes as principal sources of revenue and began a modern era of fiscal governance, one based primarily on the direct and progressive taxation of personal and corporate income. The wartime tax regime, as the historian David M. Kennedy has observed, “occasioned a fiscal revolution in the United States.”

Economic Development and Institutional Change, 1820–1914

2018 ◽  
pp. 134-155
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
World War ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts

This chapter studies the record in economic growth, income distribution, and human development for the areas within present-day borders of Turkey in both absolute and relative terms. Turkey's economy opened to foreign trade and foreign investment and specialization in agriculture increased during the nineteenth century. While the share of manufacturing activities declined, agricultural production for markets, both domestic and foreign, expanded, especially in the coastal regions. The chapter shows that the spread of industrialization around the world was quite uneven during the nineteenth century. The extent to which industrialization proceeded in different parts of the world can help explain much of the variation in economic growth observed worldwide until World War I.

scholarly journals The First Book about the Czechoslovak Republic in the USSR: “The Modern Czecho-Slovakia” by Pavel N. Mostovenko

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-99
Author(s):  
Nikolaj N. Stankov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
History Of

The article dwells upon the book “The Modern Czecho-Slovakia” by Pavel N. Mostovenko — the Soviet representative in Prague from June, 1921 till February, 1923. The author of the article supposes that Mostovenko began to work on this book immediately after his return from Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1923 following his fresh impressions and having all the necessary materials. All the chapters of this book embraced a wide range of problems: a brief history of Czechia, the foundation of the Czechoslovak Republic, its social and economic development, the financial system, the constitution of 1920 and the functioning of the state machinery, the leading political parties, the relations among different ethnic groups, home and foreign policy. In the USSR Mostovenko’s book was the first attempt at interpreting the history of the Czechoslovak Republic from the point of view of the communist ideology. At the same time, the author of the article states that in Mostovenko’s book quite a few aspects of the development of Czechoslovakia at the beginning of 1920s are interpreted in a way different from the documents of Comintern and the Soviet press of that period. The author of the article proves that Mostovenko on the basis of the analysis of the international relations in Central Europe after World War I predicted that in case of an essential breach of the balances of powers in the Versailles system of international relations, Czechoslovakia would became its first victim and neither France nor the allies in the Little Entente would help it. Exactly this happened in 1938.

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