Economic Development and Institutional Change, 1820–1914

2018 ◽  
pp. 134-155
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
World War ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts

This chapter studies the record in economic growth, income distribution, and human development for the areas within present-day borders of Turkey in both absolute and relative terms. Turkey's economy opened to foreign trade and foreign investment and specialization in agriculture increased during the nineteenth century. While the share of manufacturing activities declined, agricultural production for markets, both domestic and foreign, expanded, especially in the coastal regions. The chapter shows that the spread of industrialization around the world was quite uneven during the nineteenth century. The extent to which industrialization proceeded in different parts of the world can help explain much of the variation in economic growth observed worldwide until World War I.

Institutions and the Ottoman Past

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-89
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
The Social ◽  
Proximate Causes

This chapter looks at the role of institutions in economic development and the evolution of Ottoman institutions before the nineteenth century. It argues that while institutions are not the only things that matter, it is essential to examine their role in order to understand Turkey's experience with economic growth and human development during the last two centuries. The economics and economic history literature has been making a related and important distinction between the proximate and deeper sources of economic growth. The proximate causes refer to the contributions made by the increases in inputs, land, labor, and capital and the productivity increases. The deeper causes refer to the social, political, and economic environment as well as the historical causes that influence the rate at which inputs and productivity grow.

Project of Resolving the Belarusian Issue During World War I (1914–1918): Regional Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 248-256
Author(s):  
Dmitry S. Lavrinivich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
National Development ◽  
World War ◽  
Independent State ◽  
National Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
National Autonomy

At the beginning of the World War I, the center of Belarusian national movement was located in Vilna, where the editors of «Nasha Niva» journal and the « Belarusian society» formed two main views on the national development of the Belarusian people in the 20th century. The first project assumed national autonomy within the Federal Russian Republic. The representatives of the latter advocated the cultural and economic development of the Belarusian people while maintaining close ties with Russia. After the occupation of Vilna by the German troops and the fall of the tsarist government in 1917 independent Belarusian organizations emerged in all provincial cities and towns. Belarusian organizations, with centers in Minsk, advocated the national-territorial autonomy of Belarus as part of democratic Russia, and then the idea of creating an independent state, the Belarusian People’s Republic, prevailed. Belarusian organizations of Mogilev province were influenced by the ideology of Westrusism, but gradually evolved to the left and became closer to the Belarusian Socialist Community (BSG). The most conservative organization, the Belarusian People’s Union, operated in Vitebsk province.

scholarly journals SYSTEM DETERMINANTS OF UNEQUAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBALIZED WORLD

2018 ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
Roman ZVARYCH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Geopolitical Risks

Introduction. Globalization has accelerated the transformation of authoritarian societies into the perception of individual elements of the liberal-market model. It created favorable conditions for their cooperation with developed Western countries; stimulated economic modernization; and attracted countries to world economic processes. Positive shifts in the development of developing countries are associated with high rate of growth. But on the other hand, globalization left national states little chance to preserve their own economic, political and cultural sovereignty and strengthened their dependence on the developed world. Purpose. Purpose of the article is research of the unequal economic participation and divergence of economic inequality in developing countries and estimation of their impact on the uneven development of the world. Methods. The method of content formalization the development, growth and convergence of developing countries is used; hypothetical-deductive method in evaluating the level of preindustrial inequality in the world is used; systematic approach to analyze income gap per capita between rich and poor countries is used; hypothesis method for poverty reduction ways and geopolitical risks elimination is used. Results. The research is focused on development, growth and convergence of developing countries in the world economy. It is estimated the level of preindustrial inequality and it is established the starting point of its occurrence in the world. The developing and industrialized world is concentrated in dozens of countries where economic growth was associated with structural changes in production and employment. The research showed a gap in income per capita between rich and poor countries. The exclusion of the least developed countries is a key factor of international inequalities in the world as a whole and within the developing regions. It is defined the share of people below the poverty line and the level of its influence on world development. If rapid growth has led to human development and social progress in some countries, then in much more countries this growth has not provided development. It is explored the poverty reduction measures, non-economic factors and geopolitical risks that can destroy the further growth of developing countries. Conclusion. In a context of structural change, the development of the global economy will largely depend on the growth rates of developing countries. Despite the growing of economic power, developing countries can face certain specific problems associated with the pursuit of rapid economic growth. For economic development, developing countries should eradicate poverty, create jobs and inclusive growth. This sustainable way of developing mobilizes human resources of developing countries. The spread of education is the basis of the development of countries that industrialized late. Infrastructure, both physical and social, is the basis for the earlier stages of industrialization. Developing countries should strive to combine economic growth with human development and social transformation. This requires the creative interaction between the state and the market over the dominance of the market model.

Organization(s) of the World

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-116
Author(s):  
Martin Koch
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
International Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
The World ◽  
World Organization

This chapter investigates the emergence of the idea of international organization in the nineteenth century and argues that the perception of organization for the world accompanied the foundation of states from the very beginning. It clarifies how the emergence of states is not a precondition for international organization, as states and international organization are co-constitutive. It also describes the period between the Congress of Vienna and World War I as the founding period of world organization, the phase when the idea of organizing and organizations emerged in several fields of society. The chapter shows that the idea of organizing is deeply rooted in debates among legal scholars in the nineteenth century, and that the idea of world organization contained a more comprehensive and encompassing understanding of the world. It demonstrates how organizing the world took place in different forms that are still relevant today or have been reinvigorated in recent years.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC GROWTH V.S. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT – COMPLEMENTARY INDICATORS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Vera Karadjova ◽  
Snezhana Dichevska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Mutual Correlation ◽  
The World ◽  
Growth Development

The paper deals with a topic relating to the economic growth, development and general welfare of a national economy, a wider region, or even the entire world, through indicators that differentiate growth from development. It is a complex subject that contains numerous aspects of the life of a community in a certain space, which, because of its complexity, cannot be limited exclusively to economic aspects, so because of that cannot be limited exclusively to economic or monetary indicators. Life in a community besides the economic includes also legal, sociological, philosophical, psychological and other aspects, from which it logically results that measuring the development and welfare is a complex process that can hardly be limited to one indicator. In that sense, the paper addresses issues relating to production, distribution, fairness and equality, employment, unemployment, poverty, productivity, economic stability, sustainable development, human development, a sense of well-being and happiness, etc., in the direction of the thesis for the use of complementary development indicators. The complexity of the process of harmonizing the numerous indicators is further complicated by the need to calculate the degree of their mutual correlation, especially if it concerns divergent indicators or indicators that are mutually exclusive or have a negative correlation. The issue of welfare has been the subject of economic science interest since its very beginnings, even from the time of the first ancient thinkers when it was not singled out as an independent science, through the utopians, to contemporary economic thought. The economic operation and the rational use of limited resources in order to meet unlimited human needs is the heart of the economy. The basic indicator used to measure economic growth is undoubtedly the GDP and GDP per capita. But one has to take into account the distinction between quantitative growth and qualitative development, whereby GDP is an indicator of growth. Development is a broader concept that covers growth, but also technological and any other kind of advancement of the social community. Development as a qualitative feature means the advancement of the qualitative characteristics of society and the well-being of individuals, and the well-being is not only the increase of GDP, but the subjective sense of the people in the community that they live better, a sense of improving the quality of life. Growth and development together make the progress of the community. In this sense the paper elaborates just a few indicators of growth and development that are used parallel, such as GDP, Human Development Index, and the World Happiness index, that do not exclude each other and whose interwoven use gives a fuller picture of growth and development although the ranking of countries around the world according to one of these indicators may be quite different with respect to the ranking according to the other indicator. This only confirms the thesis of the need for a more comprehensive analysis of the analyzed issues and suggestions for a more comprehensive indicator that would be a complementary set of several alternative and complementary ones that would eliminate the shortcomings of its constituent parts, thereby obtaining a relevant indicator of economic development and welfare, without any intention to propose a concrete solution.

scholarly journals Pure Painting and Mottled Colour

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
Tara Ward
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Abstract Art ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Simultaneous Contrast ◽  
World War ◽  
Guillaume Apollinaire ◽  
The World

On the eve of World War I, Guillaume Apollinaire announced the birth of ‘pure painting’.  Scholars have typically understood this as an early version of mid-century theories of abstract art; however, that interpretation ignores the poet’s close association with Robert and Sonia Delaunay.  Those artists were deeply influenced by M. E. Chevreul, a nineteenth-century colour theorist who showed that complementary hues appear more pure when seen simultaneously.  Most often discussed in relation to the phenomenological changes that occur when red and green are viewed side-by-side, simultaneous contrast suggests an alternative view of purity.  For the Delaunays, pure painting was not a retreat from the world, but a way of making its dichotomies and conflicts more visible.

scholarly journals Inclusive Development of the World Countries under Conditions of Globalisation: Models and Arguments

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Tetyana Zinchuk ◽  
Nataliia Kutsmus ◽  
Tetiana Usiuk ◽  
Oleksandr Kovalchuk ◽  
Lesia Zaburanna
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the features of economic growth in different countries of the world, which are described by differences not only in the achieved growth indicators, but also in the trajectory and nature of stimulating this process. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of existential parameters of the functioning of countries (leading and growing economies) on the inclusivity of their development in the context of economic globalisation, as well as to justify the priority vectors of socio-political and economic changes aimed at realising the growth potential according to the concept of sustainability. The methodological framework of the research comprises methods of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and step-by-step regression. The index of development inclusiveness recommended by the World Economic Forum is used as the main indicator of the country's development. The information basis of this study included international databases representing data by country. The results of the study allowed identifying the main factors of economic development and the dependence of economic growth separately in the leading and developing countries of the world. It is proved that despite the direct or indirect impact of these factors on the economic development of the world's leading countries and countries with growing economies, there is no universal model that would ensure economic growth with a focus on sustainable development. However, it is possible to identify a group of factors that ensure the maximum effect of economic growth. Thus, for countries with growing economies, human development is a priority, while for the leading countries of the world, economic growth is mainly driven by factors such as the environmental footprint per person, the Human Development Index, the Globalisation Index and the cost of imported resources. Dynamic changes in the global space, trends towards further development of human capital in all countries, unpredictable consequences of the impact of COVID-19 pandemics determine the prospects for further research in this area

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Robert L. Tignor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Public Life ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Manchester School

This introduction provides an overview of W. Arthur Lewis's biography. Three considerations that surfaced so forcefully in the aftermath of the World War II—decolonization, race relations, and economic growth—were preeminent issues in the life of W. Arthur Lewis. As a person of color who grew up in an impoverished and largely ignored corner of the British Empire, he devoted much of his academic career and public life to elucidating these matters and promoting a vision of a decolonized, color-blind, and prosperous community of independent nations. Lewis's contributions to the field of development economics were significant and pioneering and made him the founding figure of a wholly new branch of economics in the 1950s. His 1954 article on economic development using unlimited supplies of labor, published in Manchester School, was arguably the single most influential essay in this field.

The United States: Emulating and Surpassing Britain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Thompson ◽  
Leila Zakhirova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
World War ◽  
Resource Endowment

In this chapter, we focus on the rise of the United States as a two-stage process. In the first stage the United States acquired dominance in mass-production industries that were contingent on not only technological innovation but also an unusually rich resource endowment and an equally distinctive domestic market. U.S. economic growth emulated Britain’s coal-centric trajectory and outdid it by the end of the nineteenth century. As electricity and petroleum began to be utilized in the latter part of the nineteenth century, they reshaped the nature of American industry, heating, and transportation, pushing the nation ahead of the rest of the world. Technological innovation and power-driven machinery increasingly provided the intermittent stimuli needed for the United States to fully embrace carbon-based energy sources that initially were relatively inexpensive. At the same time the large domestic market made increases in the scale of production possible, and the nature of United States’ resource endowment ensured that raw materials were inexpensive. The combination of innovation, cheap raw materials (including energy), and a very large domestic market pushed the United States into an economic leadership position by World War I. But the second stage of the process, the rise to world technological leadership, did not begin until after World War II because it was based on science, and it took longer for the United States to acquire the lead in scientific research. Centrality in technology innovation, science, and world economic growth followed.

A Comparative study of Gandhi and Nehru and in their Autobiographies

IJOHMN ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Singh
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Comparative Treatment ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Different Parts

Autobiography is usually defined as a retrospective narrative written about one’s life, in the first person and in prose. Such writing has appeared with increasing frequency in Western Literature since the beginning of nineteenth century but after World War II, it gained considerable significance. Now autobiographies all over the world and especially in India are extensively read and enjoyed, but paradoxically enough, they have received very scant critical attention, let alone comparative treatment. The comparative approach to literature enables us to widen our critical horizon and develop the concept of prevalent literary tendencies in the world as well as the different regions of a nation. The comparative study of authors belonging to the different nations should be preceded by that of authors belonging to the same country, preferably coming from two different parts of the country belonging to two different fields and professions. It is needless to say, that the comparative study aims at establishing the universality and oneness of human experience through the depiction of diverse peculiarities of it

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