Experiments and experimental designs in psychology The role of experiments in gathering evidence – demonstrating cause and effect; Alternative explanations; Features of the true experiment; Simple experimental designs (Independent samples design, Repeated measures design, Matched-pairs design); Single participant or small n design

2013 ◽  
pp. 66-90
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Matched Pairs ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Small N ◽  
True Experiment

Effect of Role-Inducing Instructions on Performance on a New Test of Creative Thinking

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-924
Author(s):  
Alan D. Price
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Validity Data ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Instructional Set

The Modified Bennett Test (MBT) is briefly described and preliminary reliability and validity data are provided by a report of the results of a study in which it was used to test the effects of role-inducing instructions on creative thinking. Ss came for 2 sessions in which they were given an instructional set to assume the role of either an unregulated character or a regulated character. Subsequent to the role-inducing instructions, Ss responded to half of the items of the MBT. The role-inducing instructions and the items of the MBT were counterbalanced in a repeated measures design with each S serving as his own control. It was hypothesized that the responses given in the unregulated condition would, in general, be more creative than those given in the regulated condition. The hypothesis was confirmed.

Effects of Built-in Audio versus Unrelated Background Music on Performance in an Adventure Role-Playing Game

2014 ◽  
pp. 142-164
Author(s):  
Siu-Lan Tan ◽  
John Baxa ◽  
Matthew P. Spackman
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Orientation Session ◽  
Multisensory Cues ◽  
Role Playing Game

This article presents an empirical study of the role of video game audio on performance. Twenty participants played The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess on the Wii console for a 45-minute session on five consecutive days. Employing a repeated measures design, the authors exposed players to one orientation session and four sound conditions, i.e., silence, remote control sounds, remote control and screen sounds, and unrelated music played on a boom-box, in a counterbalanced order. Performance was weakest when playing without sound, increasingly stronger with audio emitted by remote control only, and by remote-and-screen respectively. Surprisingly, the highest scores were earned when playing with music that was unrelated to players’ actions or events unfolding on screen. These findings point to the challenges of processing multisensory cues during the initial stages of an elaborate role-playing game, and suggest that the most effective players swiftly develop strategies incorporating task-relevant information conveyed by both sound and images.

Physical activity profiling during pregnancy: Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour by scrutinising the role of past behaviour.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlize DE VIVO ◽  
Hayley Mills
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Predictive Utility ◽  
Planned Behaviour ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Activity Profiling ◽  
Novel Concept

Objectives: To examine the predictive utility of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) in explaining pregnant women’s physical activity intentions and behaviour and to scrutinise the role of past behaviour within this context. Method: A repeated measures design required pregnant women to complete the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) and TPB questionnaires on two occasions. Using published guidance, both formative and definitive stages were implemented as part of a comprehensive and robust approach to the construction of a TPB questionnaire. Results: Firstly, when considering the original TPB, intention emerged as the strongest determinant of pregnant women’s PA behaviour. Secondly, controlling for past behaviour attenuated the influence of intention and PBC on behaviour with neither of the original variables providing a unique influence. Finally, the addition of past behaviour led to an increase in the predictive utility of the TPB. Conclusion: Utilising the TPB as a flexible framework revealed the importance of contextual changes in the explanation of PA intention and behaviour during pregnancy. Physical activity profiling of pregnant women is proposed as a novel concept to present healthcare professionals and researchers with the opportunity to introduce tailored support based on motivation and behaviour status.

Effects of Built-in Audio versus Unrelated Background Music on Performance In an Adventure Role-Playing Game

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siu-Lan Tan ◽  
John Baxa ◽  
Matthew P. Spackman
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Orientation Session ◽  
Multisensory Cues ◽  
Role Playing Game

This article presents an empirical study of the role of video game audio on performance. Twenty participants played The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess on the Wii console for a 45-minute session on five consecutive days. Employing a repeated measures design, the authors exposed players to one orientation session and four sound conditions, i.e., silence, remote control sounds, remote control and screen sounds, and unrelated music played on a boom-box, in a counterbalanced order. Performance was weakest when playing without sound, increasingly stronger with audio emitted by remote control only, and by remote-and-screen respectively. Surprisingly, the highest scores were earned when playing with music that was unrelated to players’ actions or events unfolding on screen. These findings point to the challenges of processing multisensory cues during the initial stages of an elaborate role-playing game, and suggest that the most effective players swiftly develop strategies incorporating task-relevant information conveyed by both sound and images.

The effect of fake news in marketing halal food: a moderating role of religiosity

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zazli Lily Wisker
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Halal Food ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Limited Dimension ◽  
Brand Hate

Purpose This study aims to explore how consumers process and respond to fake news on halal food in a Muslim-majority country. The study hypothesises that fake news that violates one’s moral code could induce anger resulting in brand hate. Religiosity plays a role as a moderating variable for the relationship. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected in two studies using quasi-experiment repeated measures factorial design, 2 × 2 between subjects. In Study 1, 219 participated, whereas in Study 2, a total of 173 was recruited for the experiment. The study uses one-way repeated measures design ANOVA and MEMORE to test the effects of moderation for repeated measures. Findings The findings indicate that fake news that violates one’s moral code, belief and values could induce anger and brand hate. Religiosity moderates the relationship between anger and brand hate Research limitations/implications The study’s limitations include the limited dimension measured for religiosity and brand hate. Originality/value The study of brand hate as opposed to brand love is relatively scarce. This study has observed how fake news that violates one’s moral code is detrimental to the brand, which in turn induces hate. Marketing managers have to be cautious in marketing their products in more religious countries. Besides, they have to be proactive in combating fake news that might tarnish their brand.

scholarly journals Role of Amino Acids in Blood Glucose Changes in Young Adults Consuming Cereal with Milks Varying in Casein and Whey Concentrations and Their Ratio

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (12) ◽  
pp. 3103-3113
Author(s):  
Bonnie Kung ◽  
Sylvie L Turgeon ◽  
Shirley Vien ◽  
Ruslan Kubant ◽  
Dalia El Khoury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Breakfast Cereal ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Glucoregulatory Hormones

ABSTRACT Background Increasing the total protein content and reducing the casein to whey ratio in milks consumed with breakfast cereal reduce postprandial blood glucose (BG). Objectives We aimed to explore associations between plasma amino acids (AAs), BG, and glucoregulatory hormones. Methods In this repeated-measures design, 12 healthy adults consumed cereal (58 g) and milks (250 mL) with 3.1 wt% or high 9.3 wt% protein concentrations and with casein to whey ratios of either 80:20 or 40:60. Blood was collected at 0, 30, 60, 120, 140, 170, and 200 min for measurement of the primary outcome, BG, and for the exploratory outcomes such as plasma AA, gastric emptying, insulin (INS), and glucoregulatory hormones. Measures were made prior to and after an ad libitum lunch at 120 min. Exploratory correlations were conducted to determine associations between outcomes. Results Pre-lunch plasma AA groups [total (TAA), essential (EAA), BCAA, and nonessential (NEAA)] were higher after 9.3 wt% than 3.1 wt% milks by 12.7%, 21.4%, 20.9%, and 7.6%, respectively (P ≤ 0.05), while post-lunch AA groups were higher by 10.9%, 19.8%, 18.8%, and 6.0%, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Except for NEAA, pre-lunch AAs were higher after 40:60 than 80:20 ratio milks by 4.5%, 8.3%, and 9.3% (P ≤ 0.05). When pooled by all treatments, pre-lunch AA groups associated negatively with BG (r/ρ ≥ −0.45, P ≤ 0.05), but post-lunch only TAA and NEAA correlated (r ≥ −0.37, P < 0.05). Pre-lunch BG was inversely associated with Leu, Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, Cys-Cys, Asn, and Gln (r/ρ ≥ −0.46, P ≤ 0.05), but post-lunch, only with Thr, Ala, and Gly (r ≥ −0.50, P ≤ 0.05). Pre-lunch associations between AA groups and INS were not found. Conclusions Protein concentration and the ratio of casein to whey in milks consumed at breakfast with cereal affect plasma AA concentrations and their associations with decreased BG. The decrease in BG could be explained by INS-independent mechanisms. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02471092.

scholarly journals Dispositional and situational moral emotions, bullying and prosocial behavior in adolescence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Oriol ◽  
Rafael Miranda ◽  
Alberto Amutio
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Moral Disgust ◽  
Bullying Behavior ◽  
Dispositional Gratitude

AbstractStudies that distinguish the role of dispositional and situational moral emotions in bullying situations remain limited in the international literature. This work, therefore, aims to analyze the role of dispositional and situational moral emotions in bullying and prosocial behavior in adolescents. Two studies were conducted: a cross-sectional study including 644 adolescents aged 14–18 years (M = 15.6, DT = 1.4) and a repeated measures design including 235 adolescents aged 10–15 years (M = 12.5, DT = 0.9). The objectives of Study 1 were 1) to validate two scales for the situational moral emotions elicited in bullying situations (elevation and moral disgust) and 2) to examine the relationships between dispositional and situational moral emotions and prosocial behavior toward victims and bullying behavior. The results show adequate psychometric properties for both elevation and moral disgust scales. Furthermore, both situational moral emotions are negatively related to bullying behavior, whereas dispositional emotions such as compassion and gratitude have a positive effect on prosocial behavior. Study 2 assessed the prospective relationship between dispositional gratitude and prosocial behavior toward victims and bullying behavior. The results of this study indicate that dispositional gratitude has a positive prospective effect on prosocial behavior towards victims and a negative effect on bullying behavior. In conclusion, the relevance of moral emotions for the prevention of bullying behavior is highlighted and the role that self-transcendent dispositional emotions have on prosocial behavior from the perspective of developmental psychology.

Managing Agitated Behaviour in People with Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Live Music

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elissa Cox ◽  
Madeleine Nowak ◽  
Petra Buettner
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
Residential Care Facility ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Live Music ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Background: Agitation due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a challenge to occupational therapists working in the older people care sector. Recently, background music and music therapy have emerged as promising tools in the management of agitation in AD. This exploratory study investigated whether live music could reduce agitated behaviour in people with AD. Method: A quasi-experimental one-group repeated measures design investigated the effect of a live, one-to-one, musical violin intervention on agitated behaviour in people with moderate-severe AD in a residential care facility. Seven participants received the musical intervention on three occasions. Participants were video recorded before, during and after each session. Behaviour was assessed by the investigator and a blinded assessor, using an investigator-modified Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory. Thirty agitated behaviours were examined. Data were analysed using the Friedman test. Results: This intervention reduced agitated behaviour among participants. Significant reductions in pacing/aimless wandering (p = 0.023), performing repetitious mannerisms (p = 0.036) and general restlessness (p = 0.007) were observed. The total number of agitated behaviours decreased significantly (median 5 [range 2–8] behaviours before the intervention to 1 [range 0–4] during and 1 [range 0–5] after the intervention [p = 0.005]). Conclusion: Live music may be an effective strategy to reduce short-term agitated behaviour among people with AD.

Aspect in Heritage Greek: evidence from elicited production and online judgments

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Anastasia Paspali ◽  
Vasiliki Rizou ◽  
Artemis Alexiadou
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Heritage Languages ◽  
Grammatical Aspect ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Grammaticality Judgment ◽  
The Us

Abstract This study tests grammatical aspect in adult Heritage Speakers (HSs) of Greek in Germany (HSs-Germany) and the US (HSs-US), a topic which has not been investigated before for this language, exploring the role of the dominant language and the default value as an acquisition strategy. In an oral elicitation task (Experiment 1) targeting the production of aspectual marking in Greek, Greek monolinguals (MSs) and HSs-Germany exhibited ceiling performance, while HSs-US were significantly less accurate. Education in Greek reliably predicted their accuracy. In a speeded Grammaticality Judgment task (Experiment 2) targeting the comprehension of aspect in a Grammaticality x Aspect repeated measures design, similar results were obtained for the grammatical conditions as in Experiment 1. In ungrammatical conditions, accuracy on aspect was affected for all groups, and this was more evident for HSs. HSs-US were overall less accurate with the morphologically marked form (perfective). Decision Times (DTs) revealed that only MSs and HSs-Germany were sensitive to aspect violations exhibiting longer DTs. Education in Greek reliably predicted accuracy and DTs. The results are discussed within the realm of heritage languages, language contact, and aspect acquisition in Greek bilingual populations. Finally, certain novel verbal forms produced by HSs are also discussed.

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