Drought Mitigation Policies: Waste Water Use, Energy and Food Provision in Urban and Peri-Urban Africa

2019 ◽  
pp. 257-266
Author(s):  
Hendrick J. Bruins
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Urban Africa ◽  
Drought Mitigation ◽  
Food Provision ◽  
Mitigation Policies

THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF COCONUT (Cocos nucifera): A REVIEW

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. V. CARR
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Drought Mitigation

SUMMARYThe results of research on the water relations and irrigation needs of coconut are collated and summarized in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to drought mitigation and irrigation practices. Background information on the centres of origin and production of coconut and on crop development processes is followed by reviews of plant water relations, crop water use and water productivity, including drought mitigation. The majority of the recent research published in the international literature has been conducted in Brazil, Kerala (South India) and Sri Lanka, and by CIRAD (France) in association with local research organizations in a number of countries, including the Ivory Coast. The unique vegetative structure of the palm (stem and leaves) together with the long interval between flower initiation and the harvesting of the mature fruit (44 months) mean that causal links between environmental factors (especially water) are difficult to establish. The stomata play an important role in controlling water loss, whilst the leaf water potential is a sensitive indicator of plant water status. Both stomatal conductance and leaf water potential are negatively correlated with the saturation deficit of the air. Although roots extend to depths >2 m and laterally >3 m, the density of roots is greatest in the top 0–1.0 m soil, and laterally within 1.0–1.5 m of the trunk. In general, dwarf cultivars are more susceptible to drought than tall ones. Methods of screening for drought tolerance based on physiological traits have been proposed. The best estimates of the actual water use (ETc) of mature palms indicate representative rates of about 3 mm d−1. Reported values for the crop coefficient (Kc) are variable but suggest that 0.7 is a reasonable estimate. Although the sensitivity of coconut to drought is well recognized, there is a limited amount of reliable data on actual yield responses to irrigation although annual yield increases (50%) of 20–40 nuts palm−1 (4–12 kg copra, cultivar dependent) have been reported. These are only realized in the third and subsequent years after the introduction of irrigation applied at a rate equivalent to about 2 mm d−1 (or 100 l palm−1 d−1) at intervals of up to one week. Irrigation increases female flower production and reduces premature nut fall. Basin irrigation, micro-sprinklers and drip irrigation are all suitable methods of applying water. Recommended methods of drought mitigation include the burial of husks in trenches adjacent to the plant, mulching and the application of common salt (chloride ions). An international approach to addressing the need for more information on water productivity is recommended.

Water use, productivity and forage quality of the halophyteAtriplex nummulariagrown on saline waste water in a desert environment

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Glenn ◽  
Rene Tanner ◽  
Seiichi Miyamoto ◽  
Kevin Fitzsimmons ◽  
John Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Desert Environment ◽  
Saline Waste

scholarly journals Waste Water Use in Crop Production: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 116-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. S. Khurana ◽  
Pritpal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production

Polyamines in relation to metal concentration, distribution, relative water content and abscisic acid in wheat plants irrigated with waste water heavily polluted with heavy metals

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (05) ◽  
pp. 4534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heshmat Soliman Aldesuquy
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Growth Vigor

Present study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of grain presoaking in spermine (0.15 mM), spermidine (0.3 mM) and their interaction on growth vigor, metal distribution as well as leaf turgidity and abscisic acid in wheat plants. Waste water at concentrations 25%, 50% and 100% caused noticeable decreases in growth vigor of root and shoot, leaf area, relative water content and water use efficiency. On the other hand, waste water stress caused remarkable increases in heavy metals and saturation water deficit as well as abscisic acid content of flag leaf. Exogenous application of Spm, Spd or their interaction could counteract the adverse effects of heavy metals in waste water by improving growth vigor of root and shoot, water use efficiency, retention of leaf turgidity and decreasing abscisic acid in leaves and grains. Furthermore, these polyamines reduced heavy metals translocation from root to leaves till reach to grains.

scholarly journals Waste-Water Use in Energy Crops Production

10.5772/15566 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Rebora ◽  
Horacio Lelio ◽  
Luciana Gmez ◽  
Leandra Ibargure
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Energy Crops

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Homes: The Energy and Water Connection

EDIS ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas W. Taylor ◽  
Brent Philpot ◽  
Kathleen C. Ruppert
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Waste Water Management

FCS-3273, a 4-page fact sheet by Nicholas W. Taylor, Brent Philpot, and Kathleen C. Ruppert, describes the energy used for municipal water supply and waste water management, and the water used for energy production and strategies homeowners can use to reduce water use in the home. Includes references. One of an Energy Efficient Homes series. Published by the UF Department of Family Youth and Community Sciences, June 2008.

scholarly journals Bio-energetic effect oflivestock waste water use at the corn cultivation

2017 ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
O.M. Ageenko ◽  
◽  
S.Y. Semenenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Use

scholarly journals DESIGN OF PLUMBING SYSTEM AT TUNJUNGAN PLAZA APARTMENT, SURABAYA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Sarah Meilani ◽  
Ariani Dwi Astuti ◽  
Ratnaningsih Ratnaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Tank System

<strong>Aim:</strong> This study of plumbing system plan is  aimed at planning a plumbing system that is compatible with clean water, waste water and rain water management at Tunjungan Plaza apartment, Surabaya City, Indonesia according to SNI 8153-2015, and meet 5 aspects of safety, security, simplicity, beauty, and economy.  It applies water supply system which commonly used for tall buildings, namely Roof Tank system. <strong>Methodology and Result</strong>: Plumbing system planning methods are collecting and analyzing fluctuation in water use, planning clean water and recycled water systems by endorsing alternative piping for clean water and recycled water. In addition to water supply, recycled water system that utilizes waste water to be recycled for flushing closets and watering plants also required to be implemented. Average daily water consumption is 268 m<sup>3</sup>/day for clean water and 44 m<sup>3</sup>/day for recycled water with the capacity of ground water tank for clean water is 564.54 m<sup>3</sup> and recycled water is 62 m<sup>3</sup>. <strong>Conclusion, significance and impact study:</strong> Clean water supply system will implement roof tank system and recycled water will reutilize wastewater for flushing on toilet tank and watering the plants. Waste water use separated system between grey water and black water and then distributed to STP to be treated and reused for flushing water closet and watering plants. Rain water goes to infiltration well by gravity through designed 1 well. Total amount of investment of plumbing equipment is Rp 2,157,697,501,- with cost of water supply per unit Rp 4,445,643,- meanwhile waste water piping cost per units is Rp 1,070,711,-.

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