Sudjojono, Sindudarsono (1913–1986)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Cox
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Social Realism ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Critical Writings

Sindudarsono Sudjojono was seminal in developing a discourse of modernity in early 20th-century Indonesia. Though a painter, he was most influential as a critic and activist. Through his critical writings, the formation of numerous painters’ associations, his political activism, and his ties to President Sukarno, Sudjojono married his political aspirations for social equality with his career as a modernist painter. His commitment to social issues and to revealing the "visible soul" in painting fueled his instruction of what many have described as an honest approach to painting. Sudjojono’s paintings exhibit a modern self-reflexivity and an emotive quality made explicit through a somber palette and expressive brushwork. His paintings evoking the gritty reality of daily life demonstrate little regard for the illusionistic or academic qualities of earlier Indonesian painters and distinguish him as a pioneer of social realism in Indonesian art. His early life, and his career tied to Indonesian independence, has been valorized within post-colonial narratives and continues to be a great source of interest for art historians. After his resignation from the Indonesian Communist Party and the Lembaga Kebudayan Rakyat [Peoples’ Cultural League] in 1958, his work largely focused on landscape, still lifes, and family portraits. This period of introspection and contemplation has not attracted the same kind of attention as his earlier life and work.

scholarly journals Cults, Crosses, and Crescents: Religion and Healing from Colonial Violence in Tanzania

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 519
Author(s):  
Nancy Rushohora ◽  
Valence Silayo
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Local Religion ◽  
Colonial Violence ◽  
Colonial Government

More often than not, Africans employed local religion and the seemingly antagonistic faith of Christianity and Islam, to respond to colonial exploitation, cruelty, and violence. Southern Tanzanians’ reaction during the Majimaji resistance presents a case in point where the application of local religion, Christianity, and Islam for both individual and community spiritual solace were vivid. Kinjekitile Ngwale—the prominent war ritualist—prophesied that a concoction (Maji) would turn the German’s bullets to water, which in turn would be the defeat of the colonial government. Equally, Christian and Islamic doctrines were used to motivate the resistance. How religion is used in the post-colonial context as a cure for maladies of early 20th-century colonialism and how local religion can inspire political change is the focus of this paper. The paper suggests that religion, as propagated by the Majimaji people for the restoration of social justice to the descendant’s communities, is a form of cultural heritage playing a social role of remedying colonial violence.

scholarly journals Early cohort mortality predicts the rate of aging in the cohort: a historical analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 380-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Beltrán-Sánchez ◽  
E. M. Crimmins ◽  
C. E. Finch
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Mortality Level ◽  
Poor Nutrition

Early environmental influences on later-life health and mortality are well recognized in the doubling of life expectancy since 1800. To further define these relationships, we analyzed the associations between early-life mortality and both the estimated mortality level at age 40 and the exponential acceleration in mortality rates with age characterized by the Gompertz model. Using mortality data from 630 cohorts born throughout the 19th and early 20th century in nine European countries, we developed a multilevel model that accounts for cohort and period effects in later-life mortality. We show that early-life mortality, which is linked to exposure to infection and poor nutrition, predicts both the estimated cohort mortality level at age 40 and the subsequent Gompertz rate of mortality acceleration during aging. After controlling for effects of country and period, the model accounts for the majority of variance in the Gompertz parameters (about 90% of variation in the estimated level of mortality at age 40 and about 78% of variation in the Gompertz slope). The gains in cohort survival to older ages are entirely due to large declines in adult mortality level, because the rates of mortality acceleration at older ages became faster. These findings apply to cohorts born in both the 19th century and the early 20th century. This analysis defines new links in the developmental origins of adult health and disease in which effects of early-life circumstances, such as exposure to infections or poor nutrition, persist into mid-adulthood and remain evident in the cohort mortality rates from ages 40 to 90.

scholarly journals La bellezza come strumento di accesso alla conoscenza storica. La mostra Scuole come capanne. Libri come opere d’arte. Dal Brasile all’Agro romano

2019 ◽  
pp. 223-234
Author(s):  
Paolo Bianchini ◽  
Circe Maria Fernandes Bittencourt ◽  
Pompeo Vagliani
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Educational Materials ◽  
Works Of Art

The essay deals with the exhibition “Schools as huts and books as works of art. From Brazil to the Agro Romano” (Scuole come capanne e libri come opere d’arte. Dal Brasile all’Agro Romano), which collected educational materials and objects of daily life made for the schools of the Brazilian Indians, as well as those of the farmers of the Agro Romano of the early 20th Century. The dialogue between these materials underlines the centrality of beauty in education and in creating a better world.

scholarly journals Bank Operations and Economic Daily Life of Post-Reform Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Alexey Kirillov
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Valuable Book ◽  
Industry And Commerce ◽  
Credit Institutions

The historiography of post-reform Russia has been enriched with a new valuable book, which demonstrates the important all-Russia processes using materials locally available. The main finding of the monograph is identification of the role that banks play not as credit institutions, but as accounting companies (since wire-transfers are highly-demanded amongst merchants). It was emphasized that special checking accounts were very important for short-term loans of local entrepreneurs (that were not connected with stock market speculations). The statistics of bank operations was used to illustrate the significance of railways for development of industry and commerce. Finally, the book offers new prospects for further research: some data suggest that in the early 20th century the notes-backed lending penetrated those sections of urban population, which were excluded as before.

scholarly journals Public organisations of Vologda in the early 20th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Kirill А. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Organisations

The article describes the activities of public organisations in the early 20th century in Vologda and Vologda Province. It is shown that the activity of the public was constantly growing during the study period. Moreover, the political activity of the society was significantly influenced by all-Russia events, while non-political organisations slowly but surely extended their influence to an increasing number of spheres of life of the local population. Public organisations constantly cooperated with both state authorities and local self-government. The research is based on working with materials on Vologda Province, their analysis to understand how the mechanism of cooperation and interaction of local self-government bodies with the provincial government, the Governor and the bureaucracy was built. As a result of the study, it became possible to show that the number of public organisations in Vologda Province had been growing since the early 20th century, although the number of political organisations was not enough. There were also no serious conflicts or opposition from the authorities in relation to public organisations. Most of the public structures were apolitical in nature and dealt mainly with social issues without paying attention to the problems of interaction with the state authorities.

scholarly journals Rose O'Neill's Sweet Monsters : an exploration in motherhood and romantic love in early 20th century America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mary Ethier
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Women's Movement ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Romantic Love ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Visual Narratives ◽  
At Will ◽  
Informal Training

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries in America Rose O'Neill, artist, illustrator, and author, achieve unp'arallel success. She was a self-taught artist, although her informal training was surprisingly academic in nature, who was able to change her style at will to match the needs of various publishers. Today O'Neill is best known as the creator of the Kewpie, adorable, illustrated figures that quickly turned into a merchandizing empire. Biographers and others have heavily emphasized the importance of the Kewpie as well as O'Neill's vivacious personality. However, the Kewpie is only part of O'Neill's oeuvre and the text concerning her personality often neglect a critical lens through which its construction can be seen. In this paper I detail O'Neill's artistic development and her oeuvre. I then examine O'Neill's private works, the Sweet Monsters, in which she explored major social issues and concerns specifically those concerning the Women's Movement of this period. As a Suffragette O'Neill was well acquainted with the arguments surrounding women's rights and she explored these arguments visually within her Sweet Monsters. I analyze two sets of drawings; one focuses on motherhood and creation and another that depicts romantic love and female sexuality. Through these images I argue that O'Neill can be understood as inverting and/or combining various traditional visual narratives to create new and yet familiar images of motherhood, creation, love, and female sexuality.

Daily Life in the Jim Crow South, 1900–1945

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ritterhouse
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Natural Order ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Jim Crow South ◽  
Over Time

Distinctive patterns of daily life defined the Jim Crow South. Contrary to many observers’ emphasis on de jure segregation—meaning racial separation demanded by law—neither law nor the physical separation of blacks and whites was at the center of the early 20th-century South’s social system. Instead, separation, whether by law or custom, was one of multiple tools whites used to subordinate and exclude blacks and to maintain notions of white racial purity. In turn, these notions themselves varied over time and across jurisdictions, at least in their details, as elites tried repeatedly to establish who was “white,” who was “black,” and how the legal fictions they created would apply to Native Americans and others who fit neither category. Within this complex multiracial world of the South, whites’ fundamental commitment to keeping blacks “in their place” manifested most routinely in day-to-day social dramas, often described in terms of racial “etiquette.” The black “place” in question was socially but not always physically distant from whites, and the increasing number of separate, racially marked spaces and actual Jim Crow laws was a development over time that became most pronounced in urban areas. It was a development that reveals blacks’ determination to resist racial oppression and whites’ perceived need to shore up a supposedly natural order that had, in fact, always been enforced by violence as well as political and economic power. Black resistance took many forms, from individual, covert acts of defiance to organized political movements. Whether in response to African Americans’ continued efforts to vote or their early 20th-century boycotts of segregated streetcars or World War I-era patterns of migration that threatened to deplete the agricultural labor force, whites found ways to counter blacks’ demands for equal citizenship and economic opportunity whenever and wherever they appeared. In the rural South, where the majority of black Southerners remained economically dependent on white landowners, a “culture of personalism” characterized daily life within a paternalistic model of white supremacy that was markedly different from urban—and largely national, not merely southern—racial patterns. Thus, distinctions between rural and urban areas and issues of age and gender are critical to understanding the Jim Crow South. Although schools were rigorously segregated, preadolescent children could be allowed greater interracial intimacy in less official settings. Puberty became a break point after which close contact, especially between black males and white females, was prohibited. All told, Jim Crow was an inconsistent and uneven system of racial distinction and separation whose great reach shaped the South’s landscape and the lives of all Southerners, including those who were neither black nor white.

scholarly journals Memories of Vasiliy Gloriantov as a historical source when studying the life of provincial officiality of the mid-19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Andrey Tyurin S. Tyurin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Source

The memoirs of Vasiliy Gloriantov, which saw the light at the early 20th century and devoted to the internal life of Nizhny Novgorod Chamber of State Property, are the only published memoirs written by a former employee of Nizhny Novgorod Chamber of State Property. Memoir literature is a source of an additional character, deepening the description of certain facts and events. The issue of the reliability of the events contained in these recollections has not been previously considered. In the course of studying memoirs and comparing them with published documents and previously unpublished archival materials, a number of persons were identified whose names were hidden by Vasiliy Gloriantov, and certain inaccuracies in the dating of events were revealed. Information on drunkenness and official misconduct by chamber employees, contained in memoirs, is confirmed in preserved archival materials. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the memories of Vasiliy Gloriantov have significant value as a historical source, illuminating the daily life of Nizhny Novgorod Chamber of State Property from the point of view of one of its direct participants.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document