How the Muslims Saw the Franks: Ethnic and Religious Stereotypes

2018 ◽  
pp. 257-327
Author(s):  
Carole Hillenbrand
2009 ◽  
pp. 160-166
Author(s):  
Liudmyla O. Fylypovych

Religious life in all eras is accompanied not only by real facts, but also by their subjective perception. It is fixed not so much reality as the imagination of it. Among the common beliefs, a special place belongs to stereotypes, which, on the one hand, systematize and generalize ideas about the world, helping people to adequately perceive and interpret being, and on the other - preserving these ideas, which sometimes prevents people from entering new life. History has given rise to many religious stereotypes, by virtue of which the constitution and preservation of ethnic groups, nations, religious communities, and confessions took place. However, uncontrolled domination, and especially the use of these stereotypes in the theory and practice of social and individual existence, led to complications in the functioning of ethno-religious communities, to their struggle, even destruction, resulting in the disappearance of some and other ethnicities, nations, religions. and churches. The reality of the society in which we live is on


Author(s):  
О.А. Никонов

В статье анализируются государственные реформы в Иране, предпринятые хаджа Мирза Агаси на посту главы иранского правительства, и роль первого визиря в модернизации страны. Автор приходит к выводу, что большая часть начинаний главы правительства оказалась нереализованной не из-за бездарности предложенных мероприятий, а из-за пассивности иранской элиты и нежелания феодальных кругов Ирана менять устоявшиеся нормы общественно-экономической жизни страны. Усилия первого министра, направленные на укрепление основ иранской государственности, суверенитета и защиты национальных интересов от агрессивных устремлений Российской империи и Великобритании, потребовали от хаджа Мирзы Агаси принятия непростых, а зачастую и непопулярных решений, что сказалось на восприятии его деятельности широкими кругами отечественной и иностранной исторической науки как исключительно вредных для Ирана. Анализ архивных документов показывает, что в условиях крайне стесненных возможностей первый министр оказался способен не только противостоять внешнему давлению, но и пытаться запустить процесс модернизации всего хозяйственного механизма Ирана, что легло в основу последующих реформ середины XIX веке. Широта взглядов, готовность следовать прагматичному курсу, способность отказаться от узко-клановых и узко-религиозных стереотипов во имя процветания страны сделали хаджа Мирзу Агаси видным государственным деятелем Ирана первой половины XIX века, незаслуженно забытого в научных кругах. Автор считает, что потенциалы реформ, предложенных первым визирем, вполне могли вывести Иран из состояния застоя и внешней зависимости от иностранных империй. The article analyzes Iranian reforms undertaken by the khadija Mirza Agasi as the leader of the Iranian government. It also investigates the role the first vizier played in the modernization of the country. The author concludes that the majority of reforms initiated by the leader remained unimplemented not because of their mediocre character but because of the passive nature of Iranian elite and feudal representatives’ desire to hinder social and economic innovations. The efforts of the first minister were aimed at the fortification of Iranian nationhood and sovereignty. The minister tried to thwart Russian and British aggression, he had to take difficult and often unpopular decisions, which explains why Russian and foreign historians believe his actions to be detrimental to Iran. The analysis of archival materials shows that having limited resources the first minster managed to resist external pressure and attempted to renovate the Iranian economy, which served as a basis for the reforms of the mid-19th century. The minister’s broad-mindedness, his readiness to work on pragmatic goals, his ability to discard social and religious stereotypes for the benefit of the country earned Mirza Agasi the fame of a prominent Iranian statesman of the early 19th century. The author of the article believes that the minister, whose achievements are unfairly neglected by historians, could steer Iran out of stagnation and external subordination.


Contact ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Bloomfield

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Ujianto Singgih Prayitno

This research is motivated by the emergence of various conflicts in various cities in Indonesia which is triggered by the activation of ethnicity and religious stereotypes, either individually or in groups in their social interaction. Surabaya is one of the big cities inhabited by various ethnic and religious and those are potential to cause conflict. This study attempts to highlight how the picture of the interaction and the level of trust among ethnic and religious in the city of Surabaya. This study is expected to provide an overview of vertices that have the potential to create conflicts in the future so that it can be anticipated by the Government. Using qualitative method and symbolic interactionism approach, which assumes that the social reality is a series of events that occur in some individuals in the society and lasted consciously and it is related to gestures, vocal, voice, and body expression, it is concluded that the city is a melting pot where people of various ethnic groups and religions merge into one. The conflict occurred because of the characteristics of the groups in conflict distinguishable in the clarity of boundaries between groups in conflict; and the degree of organization of each group are closely related to patterns of interaction and communication that was developed from two sides.


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
V. M. Bezotosny

The article aims to find persons of Polish ancestry among Russian generality of Patriotic war of 1812. It seems that there were only nine Polish generals in the Russian army at that time. Futhermore this paper also dedicated to the family background of these generals and investigation of their biographies. The author considers the problem of ethnicity identity in historical context. The question of national ancestry is really complicated especially in case of studying the epoch of 1812 Patriotic war. Unfortunately, official lists of all serviceman of the Russian imperial army is inapplicable, since this research is intended to reveal criteria that were used by contemporaries of the French invasion to Russia. Even the surname of a person indicates just belonging to a certain family, but it may not match the nationality. On the biographical material of nine Polish generals the author shows some specific characteristics of ethnic identity in the 19th century, such as religious and language affiliation. Comparison of the biographies of Polish ancestry generals, based on a few parameters, including the social and economic status of these people, shows that there were both rich (“magnates”) and impoverished aristocrats among them. All of them participated in battles, promoted in army career fast (especially “magnates”), but generally their biographies do not contain any specific features. The author draws attention to the perception of Polish generals in Russian society, not always positive strongly related to ethnic-religious stereotypes.


Author(s):  
Judith Kalik

This chapter describes Polish attitudes towards Jewish spirituality during the eighteenth century. The chief characteristic of the Polish conception of the Jewish religion, at least as it was captured in writing, was that it was not a specifically Polish construct but was imported from western Europe or had migrated to Poland with the Jews themselves. The official Christian doctrine was formulated in literary works written by clerics, polemic and homiletic literature, pastoral epistles, and synodal legislation. The popular Christian conception of Judaism, which differed substantially from official Church doctrine, was also practically identical in all its components to the popular, stereotypical view of Judaism widespread in the West. This conception was formulated mainly in works written by burghers, who used popular religious stereotypes in their attacks on their economic competitors, the Jews.


Daphnis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 475-491
Author(s):  
Sigrun Haude

The Thirty Years’ War led to enormous devastation, but it also induced widespread movement and led to encounters of people with different faiths and mindsets. Accounts of members of religious orders in Bavaria note not only brutality but also curiosity and exchange of knowledge in these meetings of people from diverse countries and cultures. Their stories attest that, in some cases, religious stereotypes could recede and provide space for new ways of seeing and knowing.


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