Religious stereotypes in labour relations

Religious attitudes have an impact on labor relations. The spiritual convictions of believers can limit human behavior to some extent. Compliance with the principle of freedom of conscience and religion predetermines the need to take into account the religious beliefs of people involved in labor relations. In this regard, the article examines the influence of religious beliefs on the labor activity of a person living in a secular state. The authors discuss the issue of discrimination against workers on religious grounds, as well as the need to provide workers with the right to express their religious affiliation while participating in labor activities. English version of the article is available at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/religious-stereotypes-in-labour-relations/74961.html

Khadija Mirza Agasi, an Unrecognized Genius?

В статье анализируются государственные реформы в Иране, предпринятые хаджа Мирза Агаси на посту главы иранского правительства, и роль первого визиря в модернизации страны. Автор приходит к выводу, что большая часть начинаний главы правительства оказалась нереализованной не из-за бездарности предложенных мероприятий, а из-за пассивности иранской элиты и нежелания феодальных кругов Ирана менять устоявшиеся нормы общественно-экономической жизни страны. Усилия первого министра, направленные на укрепление основ иранской государственности, суверенитета и защиты национальных интересов от агрессивных устремлений Российской империи и Великобритании, потребовали от хаджа Мирзы Агаси принятия непростых, а зачастую и непопулярных решений, что сказалось на восприятии его деятельности широкими кругами отечественной и иностранной исторической науки как исключительно вредных для Ирана. Анализ архивных документов показывает, что в условиях крайне стесненных возможностей первый министр оказался способен не только противостоять внешнему давлению, но и пытаться запустить процесс модернизации всего хозяйственного механизма Ирана, что легло в основу последующих реформ середины XIX веке. Широта взглядов, готовность следовать прагматичному курсу, способность отказаться от узко-клановых и узко-религиозных стереотипов во имя процветания страны сделали хаджа Мирзу Агаси видным государственным деятелем Ирана первой половины XIX века, незаслуженно забытого в научных кругах. Автор считает, что потенциалы реформ, предложенных первым визирем, вполне могли вывести Иран из состояния застоя и внешней зависимости от иностранных империй. The article analyzes Iranian reforms undertaken by the khadija Mirza Agasi as the leader of the Iranian government. It also investigates the role the first vizier played in the modernization of the country. The author concludes that the majority of reforms initiated by the leader remained unimplemented not because of their mediocre character but because of the passive nature of Iranian elite and feudal representatives’ desire to hinder social and economic innovations. The efforts of the first minister were aimed at the fortification of Iranian nationhood and sovereignty. The minister tried to thwart Russian and British aggression, he had to take difficult and often unpopular decisions, which explains why Russian and foreign historians believe his actions to be detrimental to Iran. The analysis of archival materials shows that having limited resources the first minster managed to resist external pressure and attempted to renovate the Iranian economy, which served as a basis for the reforms of the mid-19th century. The minister’s broad-mindedness, his readiness to work on pragmatic goals, his ability to discard social and religious stereotypes for the benefit of the country earned Mirza Agasi the fame of a prominent Iranian statesman of the early 19th century. The author of the article believes that the minister, whose achievements are unfairly neglected by historians, could steer Iran out of stagnation and external subordination.

Brahms in the Priesthood of Art

Brahms in the Priesthood of Art: Gender and Art Religion in the Nineteenth-Century German Musical Imagination explores the intersection of gender, art religion (Kunstreligion), and other aesthetic currents in Brahms reception of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In particular, it focuses on the theme of the self-sacrificing musician devoted to his art, or “priest of music,” with its quasi-mystical and German Romantic implications of purity seemingly at odds with the lived reality of Brahms’s bourgeois existence. While such German Romantic notions of art religion informed the thinking on musical purity and performance, after the failed socio-political revolutions of 1848/49, and in the face of scientific developments, the very concept of musical priesthood was questioned as outmoded. Furthermore, its essential gender ambiguity, accommodating such performing mothers as Clara Schumann and Amalie Joachim, could explain why Brahms never married while leaving the composer open to speculation about his health and masculinity. Supportive critics combined elements of masculine and feminine values with a muddled rhetoric of prophets, messiahs, martyrs, and other art-religious stereotypes to account for the special status of Brahms and his circle. Detractors tended to locate these stereotypes in more modern, fin-de-siècle psychological frameworks that scrutinized the composer’s physical and mental well-being. In analyzing these receptions side by side, this book revises the accepted image of Brahms, recovering lost ambiguities in his reception. It resituates him not only in a romanticized priesthood of art but also within the cultural and gendered discourses overlooked by the absolute music paradigm.

An Analysis of Kanthapura by Raja Rao: A Postcolonial Study

This study focuses the ‘Kanthapura’ to analyze the construction of historical consciousness in narratives and this fiction is used as literary aspect of nationalist ideology. Particularly, this work examines the political representation of women in Indian national movement in 1930 by using the theory of nationalism by Bhabha (1990). The study demystifies this novel to find out challenges of stereotypical Indian women and how they become solidified in the building process of Indian national identity. Kanthapura (Delhi Orient) is very much concerned to focus on the construction of Vedic Hindu ideal for women and the reason of writing true and authentic history to investigate the women’s issues they face during the colonial period of India. The study sheds light on imagined and true nature of nationalist discourse and its effect on women in postcolonial India. It is not concerned with those doctrines of nationalist sentiments which are generalized through religious stereotypes rather it is paradoxical in nature that begins to assume identification with European accounts of India so it explores the idea of political desirability that shapes and constructs the ideology and as well as it allows for the presentation of unified identity of India.

Investigating implicit biases around race and gender in Canadian counterterrorism

A growing body of research on terrorism and countering violent extremism (CVE) has increasingly questioned the lack of attention to—and myths around—women involved in extremist and political violence, while other research has drawn attention to racial and religious stereotypes that affect national security policies and practices worldwide. While Canada is often heralded as a global leader in multiculturalism and gender equality, the nation’s national security sector still faces significant challenges around implicit biases related to race and gender. This study asks whether gender and racial stereotypes impeding counterterrorism and CVE in other countries are also affecting policies and practices in Canada. Using twenty-six in-depth interviews with practitioners, police officers, academics, and government officials from seven major cities across Canada, this paper argues that persistent gender and racial stereotypes are indeed a key challenge impeding Canada’s efforts to adequately address radicalization into and disengagement from extremist violence.

Relationship Between Religious Stereotypes, Religious Identity and Religious Tolerance

The article analyzes the concept of the stereotype of "sectarians" in Ukrainian society. It was shown that emotional and value assessment of "sectarians" is negative: they are disliked, disrespected, and avoided by others. The idea of representatives of non-traditional denominations as those who are actively trying to involve others in their views, meetings, communities, etc., is presented. It is also typical for society to perceive people who belong to non-traditional denominational groups as weak, insecure, dependent on the group leader, and so on. Peculiarities of religious identity and religious tolerance are studied: a fairly high level of religious tolerance in society has been confirmed, but there is a certain declarative identification with religious groups which is reflected, in particular, in the weakness of its manifestations at the behavioral level, in real religious life. It is proved that the general level of religious tolerance among the Orthodox, compared with atheists, is significantly higher: a more tolerant attitude is observed towards all religious groups, including "sectarians". There is also a significant difference in attitudes: Orthodox are more lenient with their "I", respect and value themselves more, while atheists are more critical of themselves. There are negative correlations between attitudes towards "sectarians" and certain characteristics of religious identity, in particular: the stronger the identification with one's religious group and the more a person likes his religious group, the worse the attitude towards "sectarians" is. However, the causal relationship, the real influence on the attitude towards "sectarians" is recorded only in one variable - the general level of religious tolerance: the higher the level of tolerance, the better the attitude towards those who are called "sectarians".

Russian Army Generals of Polish Ancestry in 1812

The article aims to find persons of Polish ancestry among Russian generality of Patriotic war of 1812. It seems that there were only nine Polish generals in the Russian army at that time. Futhermore this paper also dedicated to the family background of these generals and investigation of their biographies. The author considers the problem of ethnicity identity in historical context. The question of national ancestry is really complicated especially in case of studying the epoch of 1812 Patriotic war. Unfortunately, official lists of all serviceman of the Russian imperial army is inapplicable, since this research is intended to reveal criteria that were used by contemporaries of the French invasion to Russia. Even the surname of a person indicates just belonging to a certain family, but it may not match the nationality. On the biographical material of nine Polish generals the author shows some specific characteristics of ethnic identity in the 19th century, such as religious and language affiliation. Comparison of the biographies of Polish ancestry generals, based on a few parameters, including the social and economic status of these people, shows that there were both rich (“magnates”) and impoverished aristocrats among them. All of them participated in battles, promoted in army career fast (especially “magnates”), but generally their biographies do not contain any specific features. The author draws attention to the perception of Polish generals in Russian society, not always positive strongly related to ethnic-religious stereotypes.