Field Experiments in Developing Countries

2017 ◽  
pp. 167-186
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Field Experiments

Recent Progress in the Study of the Effects of Television Viewing on Social Development

1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Collins ◽  
N. Korac
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Television Viewing ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Television Programming ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Television Content ◽  
Inference Techniques

Television viewing is a popular activity for children throughout the Western nations and in many developing countries. Although little is known about the functions of viewing, considerable evidence indicates that televised models of social behavior influences viewers' post-viewing actions. Recent advances in research on behavioral effects include field experiments and panel studies that permit use of nonexperimental causal-inference techniques. In addition, the scope of recent research has expanded to include other types of effects (e.g., children's concepts of social reality) and cognitive processing of televised information. Directions for the future include the need to (1) examine further developmental aspects of response to typical television programming and (2) study the interaction of television content with children's common contexts and experiences.

scholarly journals Determining the radiation use efficiency of potato using sunshine hour data: a simple and costless approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. e0801
Author(s):  
Suman Samanta ◽  
Saon Banerjee ◽  
Asis Mukherjee ◽  
Pulak K. Patra ◽  
Pramiti K. Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Light Extinction ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Light Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

Aim of study: Radiation parameters and photoperiod influence potato biomass and tuber yield significantly. Lack of instrument facilities in developing countries is the main hindrance to estimate global solar radiation (GSR) and radiation use efficiency (RUE). Considering these facts, an experiment was conducted to estimate light extinction coefficient (K) and RUE using a simple but indirect approach that can be implied in any location lacking sophisticated instruments.Area of study: Field experiments were conducted in Kalyani, West Bengal, representing the Indo-Gangetic Plains.Material and methods: Angstrom-Prescott (A-P) equation was used to calculate GSR. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three dates of planting (DOP), 15th Nov, 29th Nov and 13th Dec, as main plot treatment and three potato cultivars (ˈKufri Suryaˈ, ˈKufri Chandramukhiˈ and ˈKufri Jyotiˈ) as sub-plot treatment. Leaf area indices and K values were used to determine intercepted PAR (IPAR) as well as RUE.Main results: The cumulative IPAR from emergence to harvest ranged 246-429 MJ m-2 depending on planting time and varieties. Irrespective of DOPs, the highest mean RUE (4.19 g MJ-1) was calculated in ˈKufri Chandramukhiˈ, showing that it used the radiation more efficiently that the other two cultivars (ˈKufri Suryaˈ= 3.75 g MJ-1 and ˈKufri Jyotiˈ= 3.14 g MJ-1).Research highlights: Statistical indices confirmed that the A-P model can be reliably used in the study region for estimation of GSR. This simple way to estimating RUE using bright sunshine hours data can be used in developing countries, where costly radiation instruments are not available.

scholarly journals Calibration of HDM4 for Use in Pavement Management Systems (PMS)

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-113
Author(s):  
N.K. Mushule
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Pavement Management ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Road Management ◽  
Pavement Management Systems

One of major problems of road management in developing countries is the lack of decision making toolsfor preparing road maintenance programmes. This results in poor resource allocation and poor utilisationof existing assets. Pavement management systems (PMS) have been developed around the world in order to assist with the pavement management process in a co-ordinated and systematic manner. Some developed countries have derived pavement performance models that are suited to local conditions by setting up long term pavement performance studies. Conversely, most developing countries do not have the resources required to set up similar large-scale field experiments. However, validation and calibration of models developed from comprehensive studies elsewhere offers a viable lternative for such countries. This paper evaluates the feasibility of using HDM-4 as a support software and determines level 1 calibration factors for PMS in Tanzania. The paper demonstrates the use of a calibrated HDM-4 to determine the required road management information in developing countries.

scholarly journals Assessing IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16 as Backhauling Technologies for 3G Small Cells in Rural Areas of Developing Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Simó-Reigadas ◽  
Carlos Figuera ◽  
Eduardo Morgado ◽  
Esteban Municio ◽  
Andrés Martínez-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Ieee 802.16 ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Long Distance

Mobile networks are experiencing a great development in urban areas worldwide, and developing countries are not an exception. However, sparsely populated rural areas in developing regions usually do not have any access to terrestrial communications networks because operators cannot ensure enough revenues to justify the required investments. Therefore, alternative low-cost solutions are needed for both the access network and the backhaul network. In this sense, in order to provide rural 3G coverage in small villages, state-of-the-art approaches propose to use Small Cells in access networks and inexpensive multihop wireless networks based on WiFi for long distances (WiLD) or WiMAX for backhauling them. These technologies provide most of the required capabilities; however, there is no complete knowledge about the performance of WiFi and WiMAX in long-distance links under quality of service constraints. The aim of this work is to provide a detailed overview of the different alternatives for building rural wireless backhaul networks. We compare both IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.16 distance-aware analytical models and validate them by extensive simulations and field experiments. Also WiFi-based TDMA proprietary solutions are evaluated experimentally and compared. Finally, results are used to model a real study case in the Peruvian Amazon in order to illustrate that the performance provided by these technologies may be sufficient for the backhaul network of a rural 3G access network based on Small Cells.

Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab

2020 ◽  
pp. 175-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Stoesz
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Talent Pool ◽  
Nurse Family Partnership

Established by Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee at MIT, Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) initially focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in developing countries. In 2013, J-PAL pivoted to mount RCTs in North America, evaluating the Oregon Medicaid program and developing an expansive study of the Nurse-Family Partnership in South Carolina. As a means to expand the talent pool of development practitioners, J-PAL developed a MicroMasters for students available worldwide. In order to extend RCTs, J-PAL introduced a Local and State Innovations Initiative, providing funding and technical assistance to encourage organizations serving the poor to mount field experiments.

An Assessment of Experimental Evidence on Agricultural Technology Adoption in Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy R. Magruder
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Technology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Informational Frictions ◽  
Adoption Decision ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Mitigating Factor ◽  
Uninsurable Risk

This article reviews recent results on technology adoption in developing countries, primarily from field experiments. It focuses on studies that highlight three constraints to adoption: credit, insurance, and information. Interventions supplying credit are consistently effective in spurring technology adoption for a minority of farmers, while interventions supplying insurance have had more mixed results. This review suggests that one mitigating factor on demand for both of these products is incomplete information, which adds additional uninsurable risk to the technology adoption decision. A broad group of studies identify the presence of strong informational frictions. The review concludes with some potential directions for future research.

scholarly journals Use of Phosphonate to Manage Foliar Potato Late Blight in Developing Countries

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 1008-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kromann ◽  
Willmer G. Pérez ◽  
Arturo Taipe ◽  
Elmar Schulte-Geldermann ◽  
Buddhi Prakash Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Potato Foliage ◽  
Potato Genotype ◽  
The Cost

Twenty phosphonate products found in the agrochemical market in Ecuador and Peru were evaluated in bioassays for the control of foliar potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans. Eight phosphonate products were evaluated in 16 field experiments done in Peru, Ecuador, Kenya, and Nepal. A meta-analysis across locations involving 71 combinations of potato genotype by site and year demonstrated a significant relationship between phosphonate application rate and efficacy for controlling late blight on potato foliage. The meta-analysis revealed that phosphonate rates of approximately 2.5 g a.i./liter provided efficacy similar to that of the conventional contact fungicides mancozeb and chlorothalonil used at similar rates. At rates higher than 2.5 g a.i./liter, the efficacy of phosphonate was superior to the contact fungicides. Overall, late blight control by phosphonate appeared relatively stable in field experiments across locations. An analysis of field experiments and 64 combinations of potato genotype by site and year showed no correlation between the susceptibility level of potato genotypes and efficacy of phosphonates. The cost of both phosphonate compounds and contact fungicides varied greatly among the countries of the field study; however, in Kenya, control with phosphonate was clearly less expensive than with mancozeb.

scholarly journals Rainfall Thresholds as Support for Timing Fungicide Applications in the Control of Potato Late Blight in Ecuador and Peru

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kromann ◽  
Arturo Taipe ◽  
Willmer G. Perez ◽  
Gregory A. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
Rainfall Thresholds ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Accumulated Rainfall

Accumulated rainfall thresholds were studied in seven field experiments conducted in Ecuador and Peru for their value in timing applications of fungicide to control potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans. Fungicide regimes based on accumulated rainfall thresholds ranging from 10 to 70 mm were compared with calendar spray schemes of every 5 or 7 days. Very low thresholds of 10 to 20 mm gave similar levels of control and resulted in similar number of sprays as did calendar spraying. However, neither low thresholds nor calendar sprays were effective in protecting susceptible potato genotypes in over half of the experiments. Thresholds of 25 to 50 mm of rainfall led to reduction in the number of sprays needed to protect resistant cultivars but also resulted in high levels of disease on susceptible cultivars. We conclude that timing fungicide sprays based on accumulated rainfall thresholds could be a successful component of integrated management strategies that include cultivars with moderate or high levels of resistance. The simplicity of measuring accumulated rainfall means that the technology can potentially be used by resource-poor farmers in developing countries.

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