Issues of Field Experiments in Rural Areas of Developing Countries: For Application into Domestic Researches

Mobile networks are experiencing a great development in urban areas worldwide, and developing countries are not an exception. However, sparsely populated rural areas in developing regions usually do not have any access to terrestrial communications networks because operators cannot ensure enough revenues to justify the required investments. Therefore, alternative low-cost solutions are needed for both the access network and the backhaul network. In this sense, in order to provide rural 3G coverage in small villages, state-of-the-art approaches propose to use Small Cells in access networks and inexpensive multihop wireless networks based on WiFi for long distances (WiLD) or WiMAX for backhauling them. These technologies provide most of the required capabilities; however, there is no complete knowledge about the performance of WiFi and WiMAX in long-distance links under quality of service constraints. The aim of this work is to provide a detailed overview of the different alternatives for building rural wireless backhaul networks. We compare both IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.16 distance-aware analytical models and validate them by extensive simulations and field experiments. Also WiFi-based TDMA proprietary solutions are evaluated experimentally and compared. Finally, results are used to model a real study case in the Peruvian Amazon in order to illustrate that the performance provided by these technologies may be sufficient for the backhaul network of a rural 3G access network based on Small Cells.

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Relating Household Consumption Expenditures to Road Traffic Fatalities: A Rural–Urban Study

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/03611981211033281 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 036119812110332

Author(s):

Ruchika Agarwala ◽

Vinod Vasudevan

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Traffic Safety ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Household Consumption ◽

Household Expenditure ◽

Traffic Fatality ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Relationship

Research shows that traffic fatality risk is generally higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In developing countries, vehicle ownership and investments in public transportation typically increase with economic growth. These two factors together increase the vehicle population, which in turn affects traffic safety. This paper presents a study focused on the relationship of various factors—including household consumption expenditure data—with traffic fatality in rural and urban areas and thereby aims to fill some of the gaps in the literature. One such gap is the impacts of personal and non-personal modes of travel on traffic safety in rural versus urban areas in developing countries which remains unexplored. An exhaustive panel data modeling approach is adopted. One important finding of this study is that evidence exists of a contrasting relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality in rural and urban areas. The relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality is observed to be positive in rural areas and a negative in urban areas. Increases in most expenditure variables, such as fuel, non-personal modes of travel, and two-wheeler expenditures, are found to be associated with an increase in traffic fatality in rural areas.

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The Extent of Heat on Health and Sustainable Farming in Ghana –Bawku East

Sustainable Agriculture Research ◽

10.5539/sar.v3n3p56 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 56 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Frimpong Kwasi ◽

Jacque Oosthuizen ◽

Eddie Van Etten

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Health Effects ◽

Rural Areas ◽

High Heat ◽

Northern Ghana ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽

Time Period ◽

Outdoor Work ◽

Globe Temperature

<p>Little is known about the health effects of heat in outdoor work and appropriate work and rest schedules for farmers working in developing countries. As temperatures continue to increase in tropical regions, such as Northern Ghana, it is necessary to evaluate how farmers experience and respond to high heat exposures. In this study, WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) estimates and the ISO work / rest standards were applied to a cohort of farmers in the rural areas of Bawku East, Northern Ghana, to assess how farmers respond to high heat and how much they rest to protect their health, as well as the level of heat on their productivity. WBGT data was recorded over a period of 6 months among vegetable, cereals, and legume farmers. The ISO proposed and actual rest regimes observed by farmers in the same time period were evaluated. In the dry season the dry bulb temperature rose as high as 45 ºC, while during the humid months of March and April WBGT rose to levels as high as 34 ºC. Farmers worked for nine hours a day during these hot periods with insufficient rest, which has adverse consequences on their health and productivity.</p>

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Recent Progress in the Study of the Effects of Television Viewing on Social Development

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1177/016502548200500202 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 171-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W. A. Collins ◽

N. Korac

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Cognitive Processing ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Television Viewing ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Behavioral Effects ◽

Television Programming ◽

Considerable Evidence ◽

Television Content ◽

Inference Techniques

Television viewing is a popular activity for children throughout the Western nations and in many developing countries. Although little is known about the functions of viewing, considerable evidence indicates that televised models of social behavior influences viewers' post-viewing actions. Recent advances in research on behavioral effects include field experiments and panel studies that permit use of nonexperimental causal-inference techniques. In addition, the scope of recent research has expanded to include other types of effects (e.g., children's concepts of social reality) and cognitive processing of televised information. Directions for the future include the need to (1) examine further developmental aspects of response to typical television programming and (2) study the interaction of television content with children's common contexts and experiences.

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Acute Pituitary Apoplexy following Snake Bite: A Rare but Treatable Complication

Journal of Pediatric Neurology ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1608639 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (06) ◽

pp. 397-399

Author(s):

Narendrakumar Barad

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Pituitary Apoplexy ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Snake Bite ◽

Important Public Health ◽

Russell’S Viper ◽

Public Health Hazards

AbstractPoisonous snake bite is one of the important public health hazards in developing countries, such as India, where majority of the population resides in rural areas. Among various poisonous species of snakes, Russell's viper venom causes neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, hemolysis, and coagulopathies leading to shock and acute kidney injury. Pituitary apoplexy causing acute hypopituitarism is an extremely rare but treatable complication following viper bite. Here in, we report the case of a 14-year-old boy admitted with Russell's viper bite complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), acute kidney injury, and pituitary apoplexy with secondary acute hypopituitarism.

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Renewable Energy in Rural Areas of Developing Countries

Renewable Energy ◽

10.1016/b978-1-4832-5695-5.50018-4 ◽

1993 ◽

pp. 177-184

Author(s):

Hussein M. Rady

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Rural Areas

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Dual Incentives and Dual Asset Building: Policy Implications of the Hutubi Rural Social Security Loan Programme in China

Journal of Social Policy ◽

10.1017/s0047279408001992 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 453-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

BAORONG GUO ◽

JIN HUANG ◽

MICHAEL SHERRADEN ◽

LI ZOU

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Social Security ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Policy Innovation ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Asset Building ◽

The Poor ◽

Security Funds ◽

Policy Incentives ◽

Building Policy

AbstractThe Hutubi Rural Social Security Loan programme is a policy innovation in a rural area of China, which loans savings in social security accounts back to peasants for them to buy assets for agricultural and other development. In contrast to the nationwide recession in rural social security, this programme has shown its success in proliferating rural social security funds and retaining social security participants. With a focus on the administrative data of the loan programme, this study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the loan programme and examine how asset building is possible for the poor when institutional incentives are offered. The findings show that when proper policy incentives are provided, poor peasants can build assets. The Hutubi programme may be a good model for other rural areas in China and other developing countries.

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A Roadmap for Rural Electrification in Developing Countries Using MiViPPs (Microutility Virtual Power Plants)

ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Volume 1 ◽

10.1115/es2010-90303 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Swati Pandey ◽

Manish Chauhan

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Power Plant ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Power Plants ◽

Local Level ◽

Rural Electrification ◽

Virtual Power ◽

Effective Manner ◽

Virtual Power Plants

In this paper we present a road-map for rural electrification in developing countries by means of Renewable Energy based MiViPPs (Microutility virtual power plants). First and foremost a feasibility and viability analysis of the various upcoming and alternative renewable energy options is performed with respect to rural environmental constraints and demands. Renewable Energy based DDG’s (Decentralized Distributed Generation Units) offer the potential for affordable, clean electricity with minimal losses and effective maintenance and local cost recovery. But Independent DDG projects are fraught with their own issues mainly stemming from the unreliable and intermittent nature of the generated power and high costs. We propose an alternative approach to rural electrification which involves off grid DDG units operated at the local level taking advantage of feasible renewable energy technologies, which can effectively serve rural areas and reduce the urgency of costly grid extension. In MIVIPP model, a multitude of decentralized units (renewable energy based units and a non-renewable energy based unit for last mile backup) are centrally controlled and managed as part of an interconnected network, resulting into a virtual power plant that can be operated as a distributed power plant large enough to reliably serve all the local electricity demands in a cost effective manner. Finally, by a set of simulation results we establish how an automated MIVIPP (based on an Intelligent Auto Control System) effectively addresses all the issues pertaining to Dispersed DDG units by leveraging the scalability achieved by mutually augmenting the supplies from different Renewable Energy Based DDG units.

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