In the article, the process of professional self-realization of the individual is interpreted as determinants of the scientific, technical andsocio-economic development of society from the standpoint of dialectical materialism as a theoretical and methodological basis of domestic psychological science. Self-realization is considered as a process of subjects` realization in a professional activity of universally-active abilities, that ensuring the creation of social values which determine the progressive cultural-historical and socio-economic development of society. The basics of the study of the problem of self-realization which began intensively developed in the domestic psychological science since the 1970`s were laid in the works of S.L. Rubinstein, formulated in the 1920`s principle of creative independent activity, in which person creating socially valuable products purposefully manifests and develops his own essential forces, enriches society with cultural results of life activity, contributing to its development. A self-fulfilling person is characterized by an active civic position, manifested in self-determination, initiative, self-discipline, responsibility, independence in activities aimed at creating of public goods, a reflective type of construction of one’s being, different from a reactive type of existence, the main purpose of which is only adaptation to living conditions for implementation own needs without taking into account the needs of society. The scientific, technical and socio-economic development of the country as a priority objective of domestic state policy, the implementation of which will ensure the leading position of the Russian Federation among the scientific, technical and socio-economically highly developed powers of the world, is possible only if the subject of being realized his essential forces as universal activity abilities in labor determined by public meanings. The alienation of person from work determines the alienation of an individual from its essential uniqueness, which in turn causes a violation of the course of human phylogenetic development and the cultural and historical development of civilization.