Chapter IX.2: Regulating the energy chain

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Martha M Roggenkamp
Keyword(s):  
Energy Chain

scholarly journals Transport Cost Estimation Model of the Agroforestry Biomass in a Small-Scale Energy Chain

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Giulio Sperandio ◽  
Andrea Acampora ◽  
Vincenzo Civitarese ◽  
Sofia Bajocco ◽  
Marco Bascietto
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Energy Chain ◽  
Biomass Power Plant

The delivery of biomass products from the production place to the point of final use is of fundamental importance within the constitution of energy chains based on biomass use as renewable energy source. In fact, transport can be one of the most economically expensive operations of the entire biomass energy production process. In this work, a geographic identification, through remote sensing and photo-interpretation, of the different biomass sources was used to estimate the potential available biomass for energy in a small-scale supply chain. The economic sustainability of transport costs was calculated for different types of biomass sources available close to a biomass power plant of a small-scale energy supply chain, in central Italy. The proposed analysis allows us to highlight and visualize on the map the areas of the territory characterized by greater economic sustainability in terms of lower transport costs of residual agroforestry biomass from the collection point to the final point identified with the biomass power plant. The higher transport cost was around € 40 Mg−1, compared to the lowest of € 12 Mg−1.

Accidents in the Energy Sector and Energy Infrastructure Attacks in the Context of Energy Security

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Burgherr ◽  
Jennifer Giroux ◽  
Matteo Spada
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Severe Accident ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Energy Infrastructure ◽  
Independent Events ◽  
Energy Chain ◽  
Energy Infrastructures

The risks of technological accidents in the energy sector and their potentially disastrous effects have been analyzed over the past decades, and are nowadays generally recognized to constitute a key factor in an encompassing assessment of energy security. In contrast, the issue of intentional attacks on energy infrastructures has received increased attentionmore recently, particularly due to growing dependence of energy imports fromand transit routes through regions considered less reliable and politically stable. Both types of risks, however, illuminate different vulnerabilities. Therefore, the focus of the present analysis was on these two risk categories: accidents and intentional attacks in the energy sector. Risk assessment resultswere based on quantitative data from the databases ENSAD (Energy-related Severe Accident Database) and EIAD (Energy Infrastructure Attack Database). Evaluations examined similarities and differences between technological accidents and intentional attacks in terms of frequencies and consequences, considering time-series trends and regional patterns. A key difference is that accidents are typically rare and independent events, whereas intentional attacks are often multiple events and concentrated both in time and space, resulting in distinct hotspots. Concerning consequences, the severity distribution for accidents generally stretches over a broad range, with low-probability high-consequence events being an important factor of both energy chain performance and as a measure of risk aversion. On the other hand, these types of consequences are usually less important for intentional attacks because targeted energy infrastructures are often of “linear” nature (e.g. pipelines and transmission lines) that are difficult to protect and usually lead through remote areas with low population density. However, when frequently attacked substantial business and supply disruptions can occur. In summary, the joint analysis of accidents and intentional attacks provides a comprehensive and complementary approach on two types of risks that have rather different properties, but are essential in an energy security perspective.

scholarly journals Energy Chain Analysis of Passenger Car Transport

Energies ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Simonsen ◽  
Hans Walnum
Keyword(s):  
Passenger Car ◽  
Chain Analysis ◽  
Energy Chain

Assessment of a sustainable energy chain designed for promoting the hydrogen mobility by means of fuel-cell powered bicycles

Energy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 200-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Minutillo ◽  
A. Forcina ◽  
N. Jannelli ◽  
A. Lubrano Lavadera
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Energy Chain

scholarly journals Transport emissions and electric mobility in private transport in the Republic of Slovenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
Simon Muhič ◽  
Mladen Bošnjaković
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Electric Mobility ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Energy Chain

Since the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol more and more emphasis is laid on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The article analyses the feasibility of introducing electric vehicles into traffic rather than vehicles with internal combustion engines. From standpoint of emission sources use of electricity for transport is analysed with stress on private cars and typical emissions from power sector by energy conversion in Slovenia. Results of research shows that electric car has a little more than twice better efficiency of the primary energy use, taking into account only efficiency in the energy chain. Electric mobility brings a more efficient use of energy in road transport with demand to reduce emission at power generation. So presented number can vary greatly, depending on the electrical energy source. In the present research problems connected with immediate initiation of the electric cars are not analysed.

scholarly journals Method for environmental impact assessment of human-induced small-medium activities: the case study of wood biomass supply chain

2019 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 00011
Author(s):  
Marina Clerico ◽  
Matteo Bo ◽  
Federica Pognant
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessment ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Small Medium Enterprises ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Energy Chain

Climate change evolution, joined by other environmental issues, will lead in the coming years to a rapid introduction of new actions and technologies. They will have to resolve, in the different economic sectors, one or more aspects of the current unsustainability. The relevant risk is that, in urgent conditions where the unreleased practices will be proposed, the assessment of their environmental impact will remain limited to their specificfield/sector. Therefore, the evaluation would not be extended to any wide-ranging environmental effects. Withoutan accurate assessment it would be impossible to determine whether the solution was more damaging and burdensometo the environment than the initial problem. Small-medium anthropic activities do not possess, from the economicpoint of view, the means and the duty to achieve an impact analysis ad hoc. This work aims to describe an analysis methodology developed for the environmental impact assessment of Small-Medium Enterprises. It is both exhaustive and easily applicable to small work activities and processes. This methodology is aimed both at business managers and at local authorities. The identified method of analysis allows an exhaustive evaluation of the whole forest energy chain and the identification of technical choice with less impact on the environment.

scholarly journals A theory of the combustion of hydrocarbons

1935 ◽  
Vol 150 (869) ◽  
pp. 36-57 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Induction Period ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Comprehensive Theory ◽  
Slow Combustion ◽  
Chain Character ◽  
Energy Chain ◽  
First Time

A comprehensive theory of the combustion of hydrocarbons must describe in detail all the analytic and kinetic data. Up to the present no such theory has been proposed, for though the hydroxylation theory of Bone and his school has been very successful in the former field, it is inadequate in its original form to take account of the latter. In the present paper it is shown that a comparatively small modification, involving the introduction of the conception of chain propagation by free radicals, remedies the earlier deficiency and makes possible for the first time a detailed description of the widely varied phenomena of combustion. The work of Egerton, Hinshelwood, Haber, Semenoff and others has led to the recognition that both rapid and slow combustion are autocatalytic in character, the reaction being propagated through the gas from certain initial centres, so that from every centre started by the primary mechanism, a great many molecules of hydrocarbon are oxidized. The first attempt to interpret the chain character in terms of a concrete theory is embodied in the suggestion of Egerton who has extended the peroxidation theory of Callendar to include an energy-chain mechanism by way of which reactivity is handed on from the active products (peroxides) to new reactant molecules. This theory and its various modifications, however, is unsatisfactory in more than one kinetic aspect, the effect of inert gases in particular being the reverse of the deactivation to be expected for an “energy” chain. Moreover, the peroxidation theory is not reconcilable in all respects with the analytical data, for while the induction period has been interpreted as a period of peroxide building no evidence of any such peroxide formation at this stage has been established, nor is the induction period affected by the addition of any such bodies. There thus arises the need of some further attempt to bring the analytic and kinetic data into relation with one another and in the hypothesis developed below, which we shall call the “atomic chain hypothesis,” it is believed that we have a simple explana­tion which encompasses both the analytical and kinetic results in an adequate manner.

scholarly journals Sustainability of grape-ethanol energy chain

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Ester Foppa Pedretti ◽  
Daniele Duca ◽  
Giuseppe Toscano ◽  
Giovanni Riva ◽  
Andrea Pizzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
High Production ◽  
Energy Chain ◽  
Intermediate Situation ◽  
Transformation Processes

The aim of this work is to evaluate the sustainability, in terms of greenhouse gases emission saving, of a new potential bio-ethanol production chain in comparison with the most common ones. The innovation consists of producing bio-ethanol from different types of no-food grapes, while usually bio-ethanol is obtained from matrices taken away from crop for food destination: sugar cane, corn, wheat, sugar beet. In the past, breeding programs were conducted with the aim of improving grapevine characteristics, a large number of hybrid vine varieties were produced and are nowadays present in the Viticulture Research Centre (CRA-VIT) Germplasm Collection. Some of them are potentially interesting for bio-energy production because of their high production of sugar, good resistance to diseases, and ability to grow in marginal lands. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of grape ethanol energy chain was performed following two different methods: i) using the spreadsheet <em>BioGrace</em>, developed within the <em>Intelligent Energy Europe</em> program to support and to ease the Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC implementation; ii) using a dedicated LCA software. Emissions were expressed in CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent (CO<sub>2</sub>eq). These two tools gave very similar results. The overall emissions impact of ethanol production from grapes on average is about 33 g CO<sub>2</sub>eq MJ<sup>–1</sup> of ethanol if prunings are used for steam production and 53 g CO<sub>2</sub>eq MJ<sup>–1</sup> of ethanol if methane is used. The comparison with other bio-energy chains points out that the production of ethanol using grapes represents an intermediate situation in terms of general emissions among the different production chains. The results showed that the sustainability limits provided by the normative are respected to this day. On the contrary, from 2017 this production will be sustainable only if the transformation processes will be performed using renewable sources of energy.

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