Data: how it affects competitive dynamics, how to value it, and whether to provide third-party access to it

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
Andreea Antuca ◽  
Robin Noble
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Processing Power ◽  
Legislative Proposals ◽  
Critical Insight ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Economic Tools ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Opening Up

There has been a data revolution: the combination of sensors, processing power and mobile communications means that there is more of it, and it is having a greater impact on our lives than ever before. Across the world, there have recently been many new initiatives and legislative proposals for opening up access to some of that data. This is often driven by two different motivations: the desire to create new positive outcomes with existing resources, and the desire to correct negative impacts on competition in markets. To regulate data access properly, it is necessary to understand what makes data different and what its value is. If data access is going to be mandated, how can one value the data that a business holds, and set fair and reasonable charges for access to it? Economic tools that analyse the cost of creating the data, and the benefits derived from it, provide critical insight into this question.

Virtual Supercomputer Using Volunteer Computing

2021 ◽  
pp. 2663-2683
Author(s):  
Rajashree Shettar ◽  
Vidya Niranjan ◽  
V. Uday Kumar Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Resource Sharing ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Volunteer Computing ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Processing Power ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽  
High Processing

Invention of new computing techniques like cloud and grid computing has reduced the cost of computations by resource sharing. Yet, many applications have not moved completely into these new technologies mainly because of the unwillingness of the scientists to share the data over internet for security reasons. Applications such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) require high processing power to process and analyze genomic data of the order of petabytes. Cloud computing techniques to process this large datasets could be used which involves moving data to third party distributed system to reduce computing cost, but this might lead to security concerns. These issues are resolved by using a new distributed architecture for De novo assembly using volunteer computing paradigm. The cost of computation is reduced by around 90% by using volunteer computing and resource utilization is increased from 80% to 90%, it is secure as computation can be done locally within the organization and is scalable.

Virtual Supercomputer Using Volunteer Computing

2018 ◽  
pp. 115-139
Author(s):  
Rajashree Shettar ◽  
Vidya Niranjan ◽  
V. Uday Kumar Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Resource Sharing ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Volunteer Computing ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Processing Power ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽  
High Processing

Invention of new computing techniques like cloud and grid computing has reduced the cost of computations by resource sharing. Yet, many applications have not moved completely into these new technologies mainly because of the unwillingness of the scientists to share the data over internet for security reasons. Applications such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) require high processing power to process and analyze genomic data of the order of petabytes. Cloud computing techniques to process this large datasets could be used which involves moving data to third party distributed system to reduce computing cost, but this might lead to security concerns. These issues are resolved by using a new distributed architecture for De novo assembly using volunteer computing paradigm. The cost of computation is reduced by around 90% by using volunteer computing and resource utilization is increased from 80% to 90%, it is secure as computation can be done locally within the organization and is scalable.

scholarly journals Multi-Blockchain-Based IoT Data Processing Techniques to Ensure the Integrity of IoT Data in AIoT Edge Computing Environments

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3515
Author(s):  
Sung-Ho Sim ◽  
Yoon-Su Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Constant Size ◽  
Computing Environments ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Cloud Servers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
And Control

As the development of IoT technologies has progressed rapidly recently, most IoT data are focused on monitoring and control to process IoT data, but the cost of collecting and linking various IoT data increases, requiring the ability to proactively integrate and analyze collected IoT data so that cloud servers (data centers) can process smartly. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based IoT big data integrity verification technique to ensure the safety of the Third Party Auditor (TPA), which has a role in auditing the integrity of AIoT data. The proposed technique aims to minimize IoT information loss by multiple blockchain groupings of information and signature keys from IoT devices. The proposed technique allows IoT information to be effectively guaranteed the integrity of AIoT data by linking hash values designated as arbitrary, constant-size blocks with previous blocks in hierarchical chains. The proposed technique performs synchronization using location information between the central server and IoT devices to manage the cost of the integrity of IoT information at low cost. In order to easily control a large number of locations of IoT devices, we perform cross-distributed and blockchain linkage processing under constant rules to improve the load and throughput generated by IoT devices.

Privity: Rights, Standing, and the Road Not Taken

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Liau
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
The Road ◽  
Distinct Concept ◽  
Contractual Rights ◽  
Opening Up

Abstract Privity is generally understood as a rule comprising a burdens limb and a more controversial benefits or ‘rights’ limb. This rendition of privity is too simplistic. Privity has multiple aspects, but its underlying complexity has been obscured by an overwhelming focus on ‘rights’, explaining in part the persistent unclarity plaguing the area. In this article, I argue that an elision of concepts has hampered our understanding of privity and its reform. The literature on contractual rights to performance and secondary rights to damages for their breach is legion. By contrast, standing, as a separate and distinct concept, has been overlooked. These are concepts that need to be more clearly differentiated. While not a panacea to resolve all issues, it is a necessary step to a firmer handle over the distinct issues at stake, and to opening up a novel angle to privity reform—third-party standing—the road not taken.

scholarly journals Methods to Prevent Future Severe Animal Welfare Problems Caused by COVID-19 in the Pork Industry

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 830
Author(s):  
Temple Grandin
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Third Party Auditing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
High Welfare

In the U.S., the most severe animal welfare problems caused by COViD-19 were in the pork industry. Thousands of pigs had to be destroyed on the farm due to reduced slaughter capacity caused by ill workers. In the future, both short-term and long-term remedies will be needed. In the short-term, a portable electrocution unit that uses scientifically validated electrical parameters for inducing instantaneous unconsciousness, would be preferable to some of the poor killing methods. A second alternative would be converting the slaughter houses to carcass production. This would require fewer people to process the same number of pigs. The pandemic revealed the fragility of large centralized supply chains. A more distributed supply chain with smaller abattoirs would be more robust and less prone to disruption, but the cost of pork would be greater. Small abattoirs can coexist with large slaughter facilities if they process pigs for specialized premium markets such as high welfare pork. The pandemic also had a detrimental effect on animal welfare inspection and third party auditing programs run by large meat buyers. Most in-person audits in the slaughter plants were cancelled and audits were done by video. Video audits should never completely replace in-person audits.

scholarly journals The costs of functional gastrointestinal disorders and related signs and symptoms in infants: a systematic literature review and cost calculation for England

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e015594 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Mahon ◽  
Carlos Lifschitz ◽  
Thomas Ludwig ◽  
Nikhil Thapar ◽  
Julie Glanville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Party Payer ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cost

ObjectivesTo estimate the cost of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and related signs and symptoms in infants to the third party payer and to parents.Study designTo estimate the cost of illness (COI) of infant FGIDs, a two-stage process was applied: a systematic literature review and a COI calculation. As no pertinent papers were found in the systematic literature review, a ‘de novo’ analysis was performed. For the latter, the potential costs for the third party payer (the National Health Service (NHS) in England) and for parents/carers for the treatment of FGIDs in infants were calculated, by using publicly available data. In constructing the calculation, estimates and assumptions (where necessary) were chosen to provide a lower bound (minimum) of the potential overall cost. In doing so, the interpretation of the calculation is that the true COI can be no lower than that estimated.ResultsOur calculation estimated that the total costs of treating FGIDs in infants in England were at least £72.3 million per year in 2014/2015 of which £49.1 million was NHS expenditure on prescriptions, community care and hospital treatment. Parents incurred £23.2 million in costs through purchase of over the counter remedies.ConclusionsThe total cost presented here is likely to be a significant underestimate as only lower bound estimates were used where applicable, and for example, costs of alternative therapies, inpatient treatments or diagnostic tests, and time off work by parents could not be adequately estimated and were omitted from the calculation. The number and kind of prescribed products and products sold over the counter to treat FGIDs suggest that there are gaps between treatment guidelines, which emphasise parental reassurance and nutritional advice, and their implementation.

scholarly journals Behnke_Armbruster_Strobel - The needs of the many - Influence of personality on third-party judgments of utilitarian rule violations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Behnke ◽  
Diana Armbruster ◽  
Anja Strobel
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Online Study ◽  
The Third ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Personality Features ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sense Of Justice

Safeguarding the rights of minorities is crucial for just societies. However, there are conceivable situations were minority rights might seriously impede the rights of the majority. Favoring the minority in such cases constitutes a violation of utilitarian principles. To investigate the emotional, cognitive, and punitive responses of observers of such utilitarian rule transgressions, we conducted an online study with 1004 participants. Two moral scenarios (vaccine policy and epidemic) were rephrased in the third-party perspective. In both scenarios the protagonist opted against the utilitarian option which resulted in more fatalities in total, but avoided harm to a minority. The scenarios varied in whether the minority would have been harmed accidentally or deliberate. The majority of participants chose not to punish the scenarios’ protagonists at all. However, 30.5% judged that protecting the minority over the interests of the majority when only accidental harm would have occurred (vaccine policy) was worthy of punishment. In comparison, only 11.5% opted to punish a protagonist whose decision avoided deliberate harm to a minority at the cost of the majority (epidemic). Emotional responses and appropriateness ratings paralleled these results. Furthermore, complex personality × situation interactions revealed the influence of personality features, i.e., psychopathy, empathy, altruism, authoritarianism, need for cognition and faith in intuition, on participants’ responses. The results further underscore the need to consider the interaction of situational features and inter-individual differences in moral decisions and sense of justice.

scholarly journals Privacy-preserving energy storage sharing with blockchain and secure multi-party computation

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-50
Author(s):  
Nan Wang ◽  
Sid Chi-Kin Chau ◽  
Yue Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
Third Party ◽  
User Privacy ◽  
External Energy ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Significant Cost Reduction ◽  
The Cost

Energy storage provides an effective way of shifting temporal energy demands and supplies, which enables significant cost reduction under time-of-use energy pricing plans. Despite its promising benefits, the cost of present energy storage remains expensive, presenting a major obstacle to practical deployment. A more viable solution to improve the cost-effectiveness is by sharing energy storage, such as community sharing, cloud energy storage and peer-to-peer sharing. However, revealing private energy demand data to an external energy storage operator may compromise user privacy, and is susceptible to data misuses and breaches. In this paper, we explore a novel approach to support energy storage sharing with privacy protection, based on privacy-preserving blockchain and secure multi-party computation. We present an integrated solution to enable privacy-preserving energy storage sharing, such that energy storage service scheduling and cost-sharing can be attained without the knowledge of individual users' demands. It also supports auditing and verification by the grid operator via blockchain. Furthermore, our privacy-preserving solution can safeguard against a majority of dishonest users, who may collude in cheating, without requiring a trusted third-party. We implemented our solution as a smart contract on real-world Ethereum blockchain platform, and provided empirical evaluation in this paper 1 .

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT OF AN ENTERPRISE AS A TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
A.A. Navasardyan ◽  
◽  
I.G. Nuretdinov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Environmental Audit ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Environmental Image ◽  
Economic Tools ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with one of the economic tools for environmental management – environmental audit. Currently, this type of audit is in demand in the market of environmental services for several reasons – the presence of a good environmental image as one of the competitive advantages, and the prevention of violations of environmental legislation, etc. In addition, the work carried out a step-by-step calculation of the cost of audit services for a specific organization related to nature users operating category II facilities, taking into account its financial indicators, the scale of activities and other factors.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN INFORMASI AKUNTANSI DIFERENSIAL DALAM PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN MEMBELI ATAU MEMBUAT SENDIRI PRODUK SETENGAH JADI PADA UD. BERKAT ANUGERAH

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phamela D Tampubolon ◽  
David Paul Elia Saerang ◽  
Agus Toni Poputra
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Management Measure ◽  
The Cost

Amid competition is so rapid and uncertain economic conditions, every company is required to be more efficient in order tobe more efficient in orderto survive and all of it can not be separated from the role of management.  Management measure which is occupied to measure the success or failure of the company is profit. To produce an efficient profit differential accounting information requires management to select the best course of action among alternatives available. The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of differential accounting information in the decision to buy or make your own semi-finished products on UD. Berkat Anugerah. This study uses a descriptive research method. The result of the analysis of research conducted on UD. Berkat Anugerah seen from the cost accounting showed diferential role in the short-term decision making, where the company should buy semi-finished products from third party cost incurred due to lower than producing its own.

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